全文1514字,阅读时长约为5分钟
如果有人问你鱼会不会数数,你的回答大概会是……可能不会?毕竟,计数似乎是一种远远超出鱼的认知功能的能力。
但事实可能并非如此——新的研究表明,某些鱼类实际上具有计数和进行基本计算的能力。
1
把加减法教给鱼类
一篇波恩大学发表在《科学报告》(Scientific Reports)上的研究叙述了一项旨在了解鱼类能否进行基本加减法计算能力的实验,具体的实验对象是慈鲷和黄貂鱼。研究发现,这两种鱼类都可以进行在1-5范围内的简单加减运算。
在实验中,研究小组训练了8条慈鲷和8条黄貂鱼,让它们将蓝色与“+1”联系起来,将黄色与“-1”联系起来。
最初,鱼能够看到投射在鱼缸壁上的初始刺激物——四个蓝色或黄色的正方形:
If these shapes were blue, the color meant the fish should choose the group of five in the next projection. If they were yellow, it meant the fish should choose the group of three in the next projection.
如果正方形是蓝色的,则意味着鱼应该在下一个投影图片中,选择有五个形状的那张;而如果是黄色的,就意味着鱼应该在下一个投影图片中,选择有三个形状的那张。
Next, the animals saw two new pictures: one with three squares and one with five squares. Those who swam to the correct picture won a food pellet. If they gave the wrong answer, the fish received nothing.
接下来,这些鱼能看到两张新的投影图片:一张有三个正方形,一张有五个正方形。游到正确位置将获得一粒食物,而如果给出了错误的答案,就什么也得不到。
在学会将蓝色与“增加一个形状”联系起来、将黄色与“减少一个形状”联系起来后,这些鱼成功地在“多达五种不同的形状”的条件下,完成了类似的“+1”和“-1”计算;并且,当对训练中没有看到的数字组合进行同样的运算时,在大多数情况下也能够得出正确的答案。
* 研究人员在训练中故意遗漏了一种数字组合“3+1”和“3-1”,来测试这些鱼是否能在训练中没见过的数字组合上执行同样的算术运算。
2
鱼真的学会“1+1”了吗?
这些鱼是真的在进行“+1”和“-1”的运算,还是只是单纯将随后展示的图片视为形状的大致增加或减少?为了证实这点,研究人员在做出一些改变的情况下,重复了这个实验:
The fish started with a group of three blue shapes and saw two choices afterward: one choice had four shapes, and the other had five shapes. The fish still chose the group with four shapes, indicating that they had learned that blue means “add one,” not “add more.” Types and sizes of shapes didn’t throw the fish off course in their quest for a nibble, either.
鱼先看到一张含有三个蓝色形状的图片,然后得到两个选择:一张图片中有四个形状,另一张里则有五个形状。这些鱼仍然选择了有四个形状的那一组,这表明它们已经知道蓝色的意思是“加一个”,而不是“加更多”。除此之外,形状的类型和大小也不会让鱼做出错误的计算,偏离它们寻找食物的路线。
Examples of two tasks given to the fish. The animals usually swam to the correct solution after successful training.
这意味着,鱼同时记住了形状的颜色和数量所代表的含义,而不会被其大小和类型分心。这些鱼类证明了它们能够进行简单(但精确)的操作来区分仅仅“相差一个”的物体。
3
数数也不只是鱼类的专利
研究人员早就知道,鱼能够跟踪并比较一组物体。澳大利亚悉尼麦考瑞大学专攻鱼类认知和行为的Calum Brown说,在这种能力方面,鱼类与一些陆地脊椎动物,如灵长类动物和狗是一样的。
“The fact that we know that fish have an object-tracking system (literally counting objects), it should not be surprising that they should be able to add or subtract one, so long as the number falls within the tracking range,” says Brown.
Brown说:“事实上,我们知道鱼有一个物体跟踪系统(字面意义理解为:对物体计数),所以它们能够加减一也就不足为奇了,只要这个数字在跟踪范围内。”
Some monkeys have shown the ability to count objects.
However, simple arithmetic skills have been well-documented among a variety of animals, the authors say: pigeons, African gray parrots, bees, chimpanzees, orangutans, and other animals have all demonstrated practical counting ability.
不过,人们也记录到,简单的算术技能在各种动物中都存在。该研究的作者指出:鸽子、非洲灰鹦鹉、蜜蜂、黑猩猩、猩猩和其他动物都表现出了实际的计算能力。
Other studies show that these animals can distinguish among groups of items that contain more or less, as long as the number of items is small. Some animals can even demonstrate specific counting abilities. For example, rats could be trained to press a lever a specific number of times between four and 16.
其他研究则表明,只要物品数量不多,这些动物就可以区分一组物品中包含东西的多或少;而一些动物甚至可以展示特殊的计数能力。例如,被训练后,老鼠可以准确地在4到16次的区间内根据指令按下杠杆。
重点词汇
arithmetic:u.n.算数
例句:He's not very good at arithmetic. 他不太擅长算术。
原文链接:
https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/animals/a39787736/some-fish-can-count-but-no-one-knows-why/
https://www.labroots.com/trending/plants-and-animals/22566/fish-species-count
https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/971773
文案 | 邓芷瑚
排版 | 邓芷瑚

