咖啡到底是健康的朋友还是敌人？
全文字数：2028字 / 阅读时间：7分钟
天使vs恶魔？图源：www.sina.com
咖啡对心血管疾病大有好处？
Drinking two to three cups a day of most types of coffee may protect you from cardiovascular disease and an early death, a new study found.“The results suggest that mild to moderate intake of ground, instant and decaffeinated coffee should be considered part of a healthy lifestyle,” said study author Peter Kistler, head of clinical electrophysiology research at the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute.
一项新的研究发现，每天喝两到三杯大多数品种的咖啡可以降低患心血管疾病和早逝的风险。“结果表明，轻度至中度摄入现磨的、速溶的、脱咖啡因的咖啡，应被视为健康生活方式的一部分，”研究作者Peter Kistler说。他是贝克心脏和糖尿病研究所的临床电生理学研究负责人。
现磨咖啡的奥妙 图源：CNN.com
Researchers found “significant reductions” in the risk for coronary heart disease, congestive heart failure and stroke for all three types of coffee. However, only ground and instant coffee with caffeinereduced the risk for an irregular heartbeat called arrhythmia. Decaffeinated coffee did not lower that risk, according to the study published in the European Journal of Preventive Cardiology.
研究人员发现，喝这三种咖啡都可使患冠心病、充血性心力衰竭和中风的风险“显著降低”。然而，在这三种咖啡中只有含有咖啡因的研磨咖啡和速溶咖啡才能降低心律失常*的风险。发表在《欧洲预防心脏病学杂志》上的研究表明，脱咖啡因咖啡并不能降低这种风险。
译注：心律失常，指心房的不规则与失律性跳动。
Prior studies have also found moderate amounts of black coffee — between 3 and 5 cups daily — has been shown to lower the risk of heart disease, as well as , Parkinson’s, type 2 diabetes, liver disease and prostate cancer.
先前的研究还发现，适量（每天3至5杯）的黑咖啡可以降低患心脏病、老年痴呆、帕金森、2型糖尿病、肝病和前列腺癌等疾病的风险。
背后功臣也许不是咖啡因？
The study used data from the UK Biobank, a research database which contained coffee consumption preferences on nearly 450,000 adults who were free of arrhythmia or other cardiovascular disease at the start of the study.
该研究使用了来自英国生物银行的数据，英国生物银行是一个研究数据库，其中包含近45万名成年人的咖啡消费偏好。参与者在研究开始时，并未患有心律失常或其他心血管疾病。
After an average of 12.5 years, researchers looked at medical and death records for reports of arrhythmia, cardiovascular disease, stroke and death. After adjusting for age, diabetes, high blood pressure, obesity, obstructive sleep apnea, sex, smoking status, and tea and alcohol consumption, researchers found all types of coffee were linked with a reduction in death from any cause.
在平均12.5年后，研究人员查看了有关心律失常、心血管疾病、中风乃至死亡等状况的医疗或死亡记录。在调整了年龄、糖尿病、高血压、肥胖、阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停、性别、吸烟状况、茶和酒精消费情况等变量后，研究人员发现：无论诱因是什么，所有品种的咖啡都有助于降低死亡率。
The fact that both caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee was beneficial “might suggest that it is not simply the caffeine which could potentially explain any associated reduction in risk,” said Duane Mellor, a registered dietitian and senior teaching fellow at Aston University Medical School in Birmingham in the UK, in a statement.
含咖啡因和不含咖啡因的咖啡都是有益的。“这一事实或许能表明，你的健康风险得到了降低，未必只是由于你喝了含咖啡因的咖啡。”英国伯明翰阿斯顿大学医学院注册营养师和高级教学研究员Duane Mellor在一份声明中称。
咖啡对人体健康有益 图源:CNN.com
一勺咖啡因能致命？
In its essential form, caffeine is a bitter white powder derived from a natural insecticide found in some plants. Over the years, it became acknowledged as a drug after people independently discovered its stimulating effect.
咖啡因的基本形式是一种苦涩的白色粉末，源自某些植物中发现的天然杀虫剂。多年来，在人们发现其刺激作用后，它被公认为一种药物。
But, Carpenter says, people often underestimate just how powerful that drug is. "A tablespoon - about 10 grams - will kill you," he says, recounting the unfortunate story of a college student who went into a seizure and died after chasing down spoonfuls of caffeine with an energy drink. Murray Carpenter, author of Caffeinated: How Our Daily Habit Helps, Hurts and Hooks Us.
但是，《Caffeinated：How Our Daily Habit Helps，Hurts and Hooks Us》的作者Murray Carpenter认为，人们经常低估咖啡因这种药物的威力。“一汤匙（大约10克）的咖啡因就能杀死你。”Carpenter说道。他还讲述了一个大学生在服下了大量能量饮料（其中咖啡因含量已达到一汤匙）后，癫痫发作并死亡的不幸故事。
“Caffeine is the most well-known constituent in coffee, but the beverage contains more than 100 biologically active components,” said Kistler, who holds joint appointments as professor of medicine at the University of Melbourne and Monash University. “It is likely that the non-caffeinated compounds were responsible for the positive relationships observed between coffee drinking, cardiovascular disease and survival,” Kistler said.
“咖啡因是咖啡中最著名的成分，但这种饮料还含有100多种生物活性成分。”Kistler说，他在墨尔本大学和莫纳什大学联合任命医学教授。“那些非咖啡因化合物可能才是饮用咖啡、心血管疾病和生存几率之间呈正相关关系的真正原因。”他说。
咖啡必须带上癌症警告？
咖啡的成分与原料 图源:CNN.com
Coffee companies in California must carry a cancer warning label because of a chemical produced while beans roast, a California judge tentatively ruled on October 19.
加利福尼亚州法官在十月十九日暂时裁定：该州的咖啡公司必须贴上癌症警告标签，因为咖啡豆烘焙时会产生一种化学物质。
Acrylamide, a chemical compound that is produced naturally in the preparation of certain foods like the roasting of coffee beans, is on the state's list of chemicals known to cause cancer or reproductive toxicity.
丙烯酰胺是一种在制备某些食物（如烘焙咖啡豆）时自然产生的化合物，该州在已知会导致癌症或生殖毒性的化学物质清单上记录了这种物质。
Nobody was debating whether acrylamide is found in coffee. But what was up for debate was whether it's harmfulin java. The burden of proof fell on coffee brewers and retailers to show that acrylamide posed no significant health risk, according to the judge.
人们所争论的并非咖啡中是否含有丙烯酰胺，而是它在咖啡中是否有害。法官表示，咖啡制造商和零售商有责任提出举证，以证明丙烯酰胺不会构成重大健康风险。
需要进行更多的研究
However, this study, like many in the past, was only observational in nature and therefore cannot prove a direct cause and effect.
然而，这项研究与过去的许多研究一样，本质上只是观察性的，因此不能证明咖啡与健康之间具有直接的因果关系。
“Does coffee make you healthy or do inherently healthier people consume coffee?” asked Mills, who was not involved in the study. “Randomized controlled trials are needed to prove the relationship between coffee and cardiovascular health.”
“究竟是咖啡会让人们健康呢，还是喝咖啡的人们天生就很健康？”一位并未参与这项研究的研究员Mills问道，“要证明咖啡与心血管健康之间的关系，还需要更多的随机对照试验。”
咖啡的效用因量而不同 图源：CNN.com
重点词汇
·spoonful：n. the amount that a spoon can hold 一勺（的量）
例句：
You beg him to try just one spoonful, and he clamps his mouth shut.
你求他就尝一匙，可他就是不张嘴。
·beverage: n. any type of drink except water （除水以外的）饮料
例句：
Alcoholic beverages are served in the hotel lounge.
宾馆的休息室供应酒类饮料。
·java: n.In American English java is coffee. (美式英语)咖啡
例句：
Nobody was debating whether acrylamide is found in coffee. But what was up for debate was whether it's harmful in java.
原文链接：
https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2014/03/13/289750754/wake-up-and-smell-the-caffeine-its-a-powerful-drug
https://us.cnn.com/2022/09/29/health/coffee-live-longer-wellness/index.html
https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/03/30/598348764/fact-check-calif-judge-rules-coffee-must-come-with-a-cancer-warning-but-should-i
编译 | 鲍宇鑫
排版 | 鲍宇鑫 郝喜桓
