大数跨境

在世界上人口最稠密的地区,竟然也有“鬼城”的存在?

在世界上人口最稠密的地区,竟然也有“鬼城”的存在? QuriositySISU
2023-04-16
1
导读:“鬼城”背后,不是牛鬼蛇神,而是日趋严重的发展中国家老龄化问题

编者按

 (全文约2200字,阅读时间大约8分钟)


随着印度超越中国成为世界第一人口大国后,随之而来的是严重的人口结构危机。饱和的人口不仅使得印度整体出生率下降,而且还使得大量的年轻人背井离乡以逃脱内卷的环境,这导致了印度不少地方成了“鬼城”。而印度喀拉拉邦的昆巴拿镇就是典型之一。


(喀拉拉邦位于印度的左下角,从印度的人口密度图来看,当地并不是不适合人类居住的穷山恶水)


鬼城:指资源枯竭并被废弃的城市

门可罗雀的校园

昆巴拿有一所有着150年历史的公立高级小学。其学生人数从20世纪80年代末的700人下降到了如今的50人。他们中的大多数来自生活在城镇边缘的贫困家庭。学校的老师不但要使用突突车接送学生上下学,同时他们还要挨家挨户地寻找学生入学。即使是该地区为数不多的高级私立学校也需要派出教师寻找学生——其中最大的一所学校只有不到70名学生。


On a muggy afternoon recently at the upper primary school, you could barely hear the hum of lessons and hubbub of squeals that form the soundscape of a busy schoolhouse. Instead, teachers taught a few children in dark, quiet classrooms. Outside, in the sun-baked courtyard ringing the building, a few students wandered around desultorily.


如果你在一个闷热的午后路过这些小学,你几乎听不到嘈杂的上课声和吵闹的尖叫声——这些构成了繁忙校舍的声景。相反,老师们在黑暗又安静的教室里面对着屈指可数的学生。而在环绕着大楼,阳光明媚的庭院里,寥寥无几的学生漫无目的地闲逛着。


(昆巴拿的一所学校目前只有50名学生)


突突车:东南亚广泛使用的一种三轮摩托车,地位相当于国内的电瓶车

独守空房的老人

(昆巴拿百分之十五的房子都是闲置的,因为房主都随着子女搬走或去了国外。讽刺的是,这恰恰是因为当地的教育普及率高,大部分年轻人都选择少生优育或是远走他乡)


74岁的安娜玛·雅各布目前独居在昆巴拿的红瓷砖两层小楼里,这是从她记事起就没离开过的地方。她的丈夫于上世纪80年代初去世,她的子女和邻居也远走国外不在身边,只留她一人孤寂地生活在这里。


The neighbourhood is a picture of desolation. Amidst a lush landscape of tapioca, banana, and teak trees, handsome houses with expansive yards stand vacant, their driveways scattered with dried leaves and cars covered in dust. CCTV cameras have taken the place of guard dogs. In vivid contrast to the cacophony of India's chaotic and bustling towns, swathes of Kumbanad are surreally deserted and half-frozen in time. It is a town abandoned by many of its inhabitants but it is not languishing in ruins. The deserted houses are painted regularly, almost like they expect people any day. Except, they hardly come.


这一带一片荒凉。在一片种植着木薯、香蕉和柚木的葱郁景色中,漂亮的房子和宽敞的庭院空无一人,车道上散落着干枯的树叶,汽车上覆盖着厚厚的灰尘。监控摄像机取代原来的了看门狗。与印度混乱繁华的城镇的喧嚣形成鲜明对比的是,昆巴拿的大片地区离奇地荒凉,就像半冻结在时空里了一样。这是一个被许多居民遗弃的城镇,但它并没有成为一片废墟。废弃的房子被定期粉刷,每一天都在期待着有人到来。但是,事与愿违。


"It is a very lonely life. I am also not keeping good health," Ms Jacob said. Despite her heart disease and arthritis, Ms Jacob has travelled abroad to spend time with her son and grandchildren, and has vacationed in Jordan, Abu Dhabi, Dubai and Israel with her children. The things strewn around in her carpeted living room tell you something about her links with the world: imported paracetamol tablets, pistachios and cashew nuts, yellow paper flowers stuffed in China-made vases; and a bottle of imported body wash.


“在这里生活十分寂寞。我的身体也不太好。” 雅各布女士说到。尽管患有心脏病和关节炎,雅各布女士也出过国与儿子和孙子们呆在一起,并与他们在约旦、阿布扎比、迪拜和以色列度过假。在她铺着地毯的客厅里,散落着证明了这一切的物件:进口的扑热息痛片、开心果和腰果、塞在中国产的花瓶里的黄色纸花以及一瓶进口沐浴露。尽管整个房屋如此之大,能陪伴她的却只有一条叫戴安娜的狗。


(安娜玛·雅各布,她已经独守空房几十年了)


安宁祥和的背后,是孤寂与无奈

在这个高度老龄化的“温馨”小镇里,犯罪几乎不存在。根据当地警察局的总督察卡玛的说法,他们甚至不记得这里上次发生谋杀案是什么时候。平时的案件也多半是关于老人被诈骗。

A year ago, a relative of an elderly resident embezzled nearly 10m rupees by faking her signature. Last year the police arrested four promoters of a private financial firm which set up shop in the town and promised steep returns on deposits. When it began to default in what looked like a ponzi scheme, some 500 local depositors went to the police. "That was a big crime for this area," said Mr Kumar. "Otherwise, we are mainly dealing with minor fights among residents - about some noise, or rubbish being dumped outside their home, someone's wild tree branch encroaching on a neighbour's farm. Those sorts of things."


一年前,一位老人的亲戚通过伪造她的签名贪污了近1000万卢比。去年,警方逮捕了一个金融诈骗团伙——他们在镇里开店,并承诺高额的存款回报。当该银行开始出现类似庞氏骗局的违约时,约500名当地储户报了警。而对于卡玛而言,这已经是该地区的惊天大案了。“除此之外,我们主要处理的是居民之间的琐碎杂事——噪音扰民,乱放垃圾,某人家里野生的树长到了邻居农场那里等等。都是诸如此类的琐事。”

The lack of crime means that the police spends most of its time looking after the old. They regularly check in on 160 single and ailing people. In 2020, the police broke down the door of a house when no one answered the doorbell and found the resident, an elderly woman, lying on the floor. "We took her to the hospital, where she recovered. One of our jobs is also moving residents to old-age homes. We check on old people, we take them to doctors," said Mr Kumar.


基本没有犯罪的状况意味着警察们大部分时间都在照顾老人。他们会定期拜访160名独居并且身体不好的老人。2020年,警察就曾破门而入发现了一名躺在地板上的老妇人。 “我们及时把她送到医院,她在那里成功康复了。我们的工作之一也包括把居民转移到养老院。我们要拜访老人,带他们去看医生,” 卡玛说道。

(当地的警察拜访了这些独居老人并给予他们特殊的警铃以在危险时通知邻居)


以镇上地亚历山大·马托马纪念老年医学中心为例,这里照顾着100多名85岁至101岁的当地人。几乎所有人都卧床不起,他们的家人基本都在国外别无选择,每个月要支付5万卢比的护理费。

The ailing elderly, old-age homes, labour shortages, migration of the young, declining population, ghost towns. "This is a story of any demographic change. This will be the story of the whole of India, finally," said Prof James. 


年老体弱的老人,年久失修的房屋,极度短缺的劳动力,背井离乡的年轻人,迅速锐减的人口,这一切造就了这座鬼城。一位叫詹姆斯的教授对此评论:“这是一个关于人口结构变化的悲剧。最终,这将是整个印度的未来。”

(据养老院的老人说,昆巴拿什么都好,就是老龄化问题太严重了)


原文链接:https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-64936519


编译 | 李翱

排版 | 李翱 




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