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零浪费城市:德国基尔究竟是怎么做到的?

零浪费城市:德国基尔究竟是怎么做到的? QuriositySISU
2023-11-09
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导读:在回收利用方面,基尔市走在了前列,它建立了一套回收系统,甚至对废弃的人类头发提出了创新想法。


全文字数:2592字   /   阅读时间:8分钟


德国基尔:从“脏乱城市”到“零浪费城市”的蜕变

Environmental


Zero Waste is the conservation and protection of all resources through responsible production, consumption, reuse, and recycling of products, packaging, and materials without incinerating or releasing substances into the air, water, and soil that harm the environment and human health. The aim is to reduce garbage and waste, with realistic environmental implications.

零浪费是指通过负责任的生产、消费、重复使用,以及对产品、包装和材料进行回收来节约和保护所有资源,且不将危害环境和人类健康的物质露天焚烧或排放到空气、水和土壤中。这种生活方式的目的是减少垃圾和浪费,具有现实的环保意义。



德国在回收利用方面遥遥领先世界,其北部的一座港口城市——基尔市(Kiel),在处理垃圾方面更制定了最为奇特但最可行的计划。并且凭此,基尔成为了德国第一个被环保运动组织“欧洲零废弃”(Zero Waste Europe)*宣布为“零浪费”的城市。


译注:欧洲零废弃(Zero Waste Europe)是一个非政府组织,倡导可持续系统和重新设计我们与资源的关系,以加速向零浪费的公正过渡,造福人类和地球。



The hair that drops in clumps on the floors of some salons in Kiel is swept up to be turned into fabrics that filter oil from water. Parents who want to buy their children cloth nappies instead of disposable ones can apply for grants of up to €200 from the local authorities. At the city’s biggest festival last year, the organisers got rid of single-use cutlery and replaced it with a deposit system.

在基尔的一些发廊里,店员会把一簇簇掉在地板上的头发清扫起来,这些东西最终会成为过滤水中油污的织物。想给孩子买布尿布(可重复使用款)的家长,可以向当地政府申请最高 200欧元的补助金。而在去年该市最大的节日庆典上,主办方取消了一次性餐具,代之以押金制度。



其实德国与垃圾的关系错综复杂。尽管德国在回收利用方面处于世界领先地位,但这个欧洲最大的经济体也是最“脏”的经济体之一。2021年,德国人平均产生646千克垃圾,而欧盟公民平均产生了530千克垃圾。



Awash with waste, cities like Kiel are exploring ways to throw away less and recycle more of what it does chuck. The city council has announced projects ranging from a ban on single-use items in public institutions, to installing more public drinking fountains, to teaching children about waste. It is also encouraging people to make simple changes to their behaviour such as using solid bars of soap instead of buying plastic bottles of the stuff.

为改善垃圾泛滥的情况,基尔等城市想方设法减少垃圾丢弃量,提高垃圾回收利用率。市议会宣布了一系列项目,从禁止公共机构使用一次性物品,到安装更多的公共饮水机,再到教育孩子避免浪费。市议还鼓励人们对生活习惯做出简单的改变,比如用固体香皂替代瓶装清洁液。



Other proposals are more systemic. The city is trialling a “pay as you throw” system where people are charged only for the rubbish they throw in the mixed waste bin.

其他建议则更系统。该市正在试行一种“垃圾计量收费”系统,居民只需支付他们实际产生的混合垃圾费用。

 

基尔为“零浪费”作出的努力鲜有能及,但其实,回收利用的方针并非其首创,而是早已深深扎根于德国文化之中。随着时间的推移,德国人已经习惯了垃圾分类。自2015年起,垃圾分类已成为一项法律规定,而公共场所和公寓楼内的各种垃圾箱也使这件事变得容易的多。



德国公共场合增加的垃圾桶       Photograph: Alamy




德国人均垃圾分拣大师?

Classification


不过,并不是每个德国人都会回收瓶子。对于那些懒得回收空瓶子的人来说,还有一种非常规的选择。


Germans regularly leave bottles in orderly piles by bins to be picked up by Flaschensammler, or bottle collectors. Many of these collectors are unhoused or in precarious living situations, claiming deposits on unwanted bottles to supplement low wages or pensions. The system is no substitute for bridging the country’s vast wealth inequality but it helps shift a little money from partygoers to people in poverty while keeping the streets clean.

他们经常将瓶子有序地堆放在垃圾桶旁由拾荒人(Flaschensammler)*捡走。许多拾荒者无家可归或无法维持生计,他们通过回收瓶子来赚取一点额外的钱,以弥补他们低薪资或退休金所带来的财务压力。这个系统并不能弥合该国巨大的贫富差距,但它在保持街道整洁的同时,也有助于将富人的资金流向贫困人群。


译注:"Flaschensammler" 是德语词汇,它字面意思是 "瓶子收集者" 或 "瓶子捡拾者"。这个词通常用来描述那些在公共场所、街头巷尾或回收站附近寻找可回收的瓶子和容器的人。

德国的大多数玻璃瓶都是押金计划的一部分

Photograph: Florian Gaertner/Photothek/Getty Images


尽管德国在垃圾分类方面取得了巨大成功,却还是很难回收利用所有垃圾。


The amount of plastic waste in Germany has risen by 64% in the last two decades but the amount recycled has only crept up a little. Meanwhile, the amount burnt has risen nearly seven-fold. Environmental groups have raised fears that the true recycling rate is lower than official figures suggest because they include items unsuitable for recycling and waste shipped abroad.

在过去二十年里,德国的塑料垃圾数量增加了 64%,但回收量却只增加了一点点。与此同时,焚烧量却增加了近七倍。环保组织担心,真实的回收率甚至低于官方数据,因为其中包括不适合回收的物品和运往国外的垃圾。


“To be the EU front-runner is something to be proud of, for sure, but there are many caveats.” says Jack McQuibban from Zero Waste Europe.“I think you need to worry about complacency,” he adds. “If people feel like they’re doing enough just by recycling, that’s insufficient and inadequate to really tackle the waste crisis.

欧洲零废弃组织的杰克·麦奎班(Jack McQuibban)说:"成为欧盟的领跑者当然值得骄傲,但要避免骄傲自满。"他补充道。"如果人们觉得他们仅仅通过回收利用就已经做得够多了,那并不足以真正解决垃圾危机"。




创新废物再生:头发垃圾?

不,是过滤器!

Recyclable



珍妮-法尔克(Janine Falke)是基尔的理发师兼沙龙老板。她表示,人们没有意识到,头发具有强大的吸附脂肪能力


疫情期间,法尔克创办了一家公司,将该市30家发廊的头发变成有用的产品。她与一家公司合作,用机器将头发加工成可以吸油的垫子,用作工业或下水道的过滤器。该项目得到了市政府的支持。


Falke的公司将头发变成可以吸收油脂并用作污水过滤器的垫子  Photograph: Anne Juka/@fettfresshair




从某种意义上说,德国对垃圾分类的痴迷表明,数以万计的个人选择可以帮助保护地球免受有害污染物的侵害。


But with plastic production booming and ships of plastic waste still docking in ports across Africa and Asia, Germany’s faith in recycling also shows the dangers of trying to clean up a mess instead of avoiding creating it in the first place.

但是,随着塑料生产的蓬勃发展,装载有塑料垃圾的运输船仍然停靠在非洲和亚洲的港口,德国对回收利用的信心也表明,试图收拾残局而不是从起初就避免制造残局是很危险的。



· END ·



词汇

WORDS


trial

try something to find out about it  

n/v. 试验

例:Scientists say that trials are needed before they can tell if the drug is truly effective.


precarious

affording no ease or reassurance  fraught with danger  

adj. 摇摇欲坠的,不稳固的;(局势)不确定的,危险的

例:He holds his life on a precarious tenure.


creep: 

grow in such a way as to cover  

v. 蔓延,增加

例:Night crept up again through the gorges.






原文链接:https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2023/oct/18/the-zero-waste-city-what-kiel-in-germany-can-teach-the-world


编译 | 宋姝妍

排版 | 曾奕翔



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