斋月期间喝水
罚款一千 监禁一年！
Ramadan
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图源wikipedia
01
什么是斋月
Ramadanis regarded as the holiest month in the Islamic calendar. It is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar, observed by Muslims worldwide asa month of fasting (sawm), prayer (salah), reflection, and community.
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刚刚结束的斋月被认为是伊斯兰历法中最神圣的月份。它是伊斯兰历法的第九个月，被世界各地的穆斯林视为斋戒(sawm)、祈祷(salah)、反思和团结的月份。
《古兰经》说：“斋月是降示《古兰经》的月份，《古兰经》是人们的指南，是指引和准则的明确证据。”每年的斋月被认为是伊斯兰教的五大支柱之一，持续 29 到 30 天，从一次看到新月到下一次。
2024 年斋月从 3 月 10 日星期日日落时开始，到 4 月 9 日星期二日落时结束。4 月 10 日是开斋节，不同地区和民族可能会有不同的庆祝方式和持续时间，一般而言，开斋节的庆祝活动会持续 3 到 5 天。
Ramadan is a time to practice self-restraint and self-reflection. Muslims around the world celebrate Ramadan byabstaining from eating, drinking and sex during the dayand breaking the fast after sunset. During Ramadan, Muslims are still expected to go to work and school; Some also read the entire Quran, say special prayers and attend mosques more frequently during this time.
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斋月是修行自我约束和自我反省的时候。世界各地的穆斯林庆祝斋月的方式是在白天禁食、禁饮和禁欲，在日落后才开斋。在斋月期间，穆斯林仍然要去上班和上学。一些人还会阅读整本《古兰经》，做特别的祈祷，并在这段时间更频繁地去清真寺。
It is a month of deep spiritual reflection and celebration with friends and family – but can also be far from easy.
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这是一个与朋友和家人一起进行深刻的精神反思和庆祝的月份——但践行起来并非易事。
02
马来西亚：
斋月白天饮食进水者监禁一年
Religious authorities in Malaysia have stepped up moral policing efforts during the holy month of Ramadan in what critics warn has been part of a wider recent shift toward a more conservative form of Islam in the multi-racial and culturally diverse nation.
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今年斋月期间，马来西亚宗教当局加强了道德监管工作。批评人士认为，这是种族与文化多元的马来西亚走向宗教保守化的一个特征。
Religious police tend to ramp up their presence during Ramadan, activists note, which ends later this week, patrolling the streets more visibly and staking out at popular eateries – sometimes in disguise – to catch those breaching the rules.
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该国宗教警察在斋月期间频频出现。他们在大街上巡逻、在人流量大的餐馆门口放哨，还会便衣出巡，抓捕那些违反斋月禁令的穆斯林。
斋月期间，在白天饮食进水的穆斯林将面临 1000 马来西亚林吉特（约合人民币 1517 元）的罚款和最高一年的监禁；同时，在此期间向穆斯林出售食品、饮料或烟草的非穆斯林也会受到处罚。
穿着独特的黑白制服和反光背心的伊斯兰宗教部执法人员在多个食品场所进行了监管检查/图源：伊斯兰宗教部
今年具体的逮捕数字尚未公布，但在 2023 年，主要旅游目的地马六甲州的宗教官员已经记录了近 100 名因在斋戒月期间在公共场合吃饭被捕的穆斯林，比上一年的 41 人有明显增加。
在北部的霹雳州，格里克市的伊斯兰宗教部（JAIPK）在 TikTok 上分享了一则在 3 月进行的检查和斋戒突击巡逻的视频：一名被打上马赛克、戴着蓝色摩托车头盔的男子，正带着一个装有食物的塑料袋逃离餐厅。
“This was not a reenactment by professionals. It is an actual video of what took place during our recent operations,” JAIPK wrote in a caption accompanying its TikTok video.
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JAIPK 在其 TikTok 视频的配文中写道：“这不是专业人士的重演。这是我们最近行动中真实录下的视频。”
一名男子逃离了宗教警察对霹雳州一家餐馆的突袭，该视频获得了超过 170 万次观看，并吸引数千条评论/图源TikTok
马来西亚有 3400 万人，其中约 2060 万是穆斯林。不过，马来西亚也有着相当多的华人、印度裔和原住民，他们之中不乏佛教徒、基督教徒和印度教徒。
译注：马来西亚的所有马来人都是法定穆斯林，非马来人享有宗教自由。
图源 REUTERS
Under the country’s unusual dual track legal system, which is also federal and varies from state to state, Muslims are subject to sharia law on a host of social issues including marriage, divorce and fasting.
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马来西亚有着不同寻常的双轨司法体系——普通法（英美法系）和伊斯兰教法并行不悖。普通法覆盖马来社会经济各个方面，而伊斯兰教法仅适用于穆斯林，穆斯林在婚姻和斋戒等社会问题上会受到伊斯兰教的约束。
03
更严厉的伊斯兰教法
Like much of South and Southeast Asia, Malaysia has historically practiced a moderate form of Islam but religious conservatism has been on the rise in recent years.
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与南亚和东南亚的大部分地区一样，马来西亚在历史上一直信奉温和的伊斯兰教，但近年来宗教保守主义思潮一直在上升。
译注：宗教保守主义试图保存特定宗教的教义，有时会试着传播这些教义的价值观，又或者会试图将这些价值观写入法律条文。
At the forefront of this shift, experts say, is the ultra-conservative hardline Islamist political party PAS, which made historic gains during Malaysia’s 2023 general election and wields great influence in its stronghold conservative states in the north.
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专家表示，处于这一转变最前沿的是位于伊斯兰的极端保守的强硬派——伊斯兰党，它在 2023 年马来西亚大选中取得了历史性进展，并在其北部的保守派大本营拥有巨大影响力。
PAS party leader Hadi Awang, also a religious teacher, regularly expresses his support for harsher sharia laws.
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马来西亚伊斯兰党领导人哈迪·阿旺也是一名宗教教师，他支持更严厉的伊斯兰教法。
马来西亚伊斯兰党（PAS）的支持者身着该党标志性的绿色服装，一起参加集会/盖蒂图片社
马来西亚妇女权利组织“伊斯兰姊妹会”（Sisters in Islam）表示，斋月期间的道德治安问题存在已久。该组织主张反对宗教治安，并指出了另一个备受争议的关注点——“哈勒瓦特”（khalwat）法律。
译注：khalwat（幽会；通奸；幽会罪），指未婚穆斯林情侣被发现私会。
Also known as “close proximity laws”, they vary from state to state and are part of the civil sharia legislation that only applies to Muslims. They are used to prosecute unmarried couples deemed to be overly close to each other.
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这种法律也被称为“近距离法（close proximity laws）”，在各州有所不同，是只适用于穆斯林的民事伊斯兰教法的一部分。这些法律用于起诉被认为过于亲密的未婚夫妇。
今年 3 月，宗教警察突袭了首都吉隆坡的一处豪华公寓，两名演员（一名已婚男性和一名单身女性）被发现共处一室。根据“近距离法”，他们遭到了逮捕。媒体报道说，人们向国家宗教部门提出投诉；这一丑闻在全国引起了轰动，并招致了保守派政客的嘲讽。
Sisters in Islam told that overzealous application of religious laws had gotten worse in recent years.
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“伊斯兰姊妹会”表示，近年来，宗教律法的过度管制愈演愈烈。
“These acts of moral policing violate personal freedoms and paint a distorted image of Islam,” said SIS spokeswoman Ameena Siddiqi.
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伊斯兰姊妹会发言人阿米娜·西迪奇说：“这些道德监管不仅侵犯了个人自由，也扭曲了伊斯兰教的形象。”
在斋月期间，马来西亚穆斯林妇女在清真寺/图源 盖蒂图片社
04
孕妇儿童 都不能破坏规矩
现居伦敦的阿尼萨·马哈茂德（Anisah Mahmood）来自吉隆坡，是两个孩子的母亲。2018 年，正在哺乳期的她，因为在公共场所饮食而被抓，公司也将她停职。
“There are valid reasons for not fasting, mostly medical,” she said. “But this is severely misunderstood in Malaysia, even if you are tired or sick, you will be shamed and made to feel like a bad person.”
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她说：“不斋戒在有些情况下是有正当理由的，主要出于医疗考虑。但这在马来西亚不被理解。哪怕你因为太累或生病而进食，也会受到规训， 让你感到羞耻，觉得自己是个坏人。”
“Restaurants and eateries have refused to serve food to pregnant women during Ramadan, which goes against the very essence of Islam,” Siddiqi added.
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伊斯兰姊妹会发言人西迪奇说：“在斋月期间，有餐馆和拒绝为孕妇提供食物，这违背了伊斯兰教的本质。”
It is also common practice during Ramadan for public schools in Malaysia to shut their canteens, leaving limited options to eat and rest during the day, Siddiqi notes. This has led to instances where non-Muslim students are forced to ‘respect’ their fasting peers and eat their recess meals in toilets.
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西迪奇还指出，马来西亚的公立学校在斋月期间会普遍关闭食堂，学生在白天吃饭和休息的选择变得非常有限。非穆斯林学生被迫“尊重”斋戒的同学，只能在厕所里偷偷进食。
“We think it’s common today that everyone respects those who are fasting and the children that are still learning to fast,” PAS lawmaker Haji Ahmad Bin Yahaya, said in a statement shared online.
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而伊斯兰党的议员哈吉·艾哈迈德·本·亚哈亚则在一份声明中表示：“我们认为，今天每个人都普遍尊重那些正在禁食以及还在学习禁食的孩子们。”
日落时的昏礼祈祷标志着穆斯林斋月期间一天禁食的结束/图源Jack X. Li
For those who struggle to fast or adhere to the rigors of the faith they were born with, Ramadan can be a stressful time.
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对于那些努力斋戒或坚守信仰的人来说，斋月也可能是充满压力的时期。
一名马来穆斯林男子玉素甫（Yusuf）在 2019 年斋月期间因购买食物时而被宗教警察抓获。
“As long as you look Malay, you must fast during Ramadan – those are the rules,” Yusuf said.
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他说：“只要你看起来像马来人，你就必须在斋月期间封斋——这是规矩。”
-END-
原文链接：
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan
https://www.dw.com/en/eid-al-fitr-muslims-mark-the-end-of-ramadan-holy-month/a-68781543
https://www.sinarharian.com.my/article/252013/khas/ramadan/jaipk-beri-amaran-lisan-geng-plastik-hitam
https://edition.cnn.com/2024/04/08/asia/malaysia-ramadan-fasting-raids-intl-hnk/index.html
https://www.history.com/topics/holidays/ramadan
https://apnews.com/article/malaysia-islamic-law-ruling-supreme-court-952a67295512576112537db2d56f26bd
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