全文字数：2829字 / 阅读时间：7分钟
Dictionary.com on Tuesday announced that it had added more than 1,700 new or updated definitions — and with “girl dinner,” “Barbiecore,” “slow fashion,” “climate breakdown” and beyond, they reflect online trends, health and well-being, social issues, anxieties over climate change and the economy, and more.
数字词典 Dictionary.com 于 2 月 5 日宣布其添加和更新了 1700 多个词语定义，其中包括“女孩晚餐”“芭比美学”“慢时尚”和“气候分解”等。这些单词反映了网络趋势、健康福祉、社会问题、对气候变化和经济的担忧等问题。
芭比美学（芭比核）
Barbiecore [noun]
“An aesthetic or style featuring playful pink outfits, accessories, decor, etc., celebrating and modeled on the wardrobe of the Barbie doll.”
一种美学或风格，以俏皮的粉色服装、配饰、装饰等为特色，以芭比娃娃的衣橱为原型。
女孩晚餐
Girl dinner [noun]
“An often attractively presented collection of snacks that involve little preparation, such as small quantities of cold cuts, cheese, fruit, cherry tomatoes, etc., deemed sufficient to constitute a meal for one.”
通常是一种摆盘精美、无需太多准备的小吃，如少量冷盘、奶酪、水果、樱桃番茄等，一人食量。然而，一些人担心它可能无意中支持了饮食失调的文化。
躺床摆烂
Bed rotting [noun]
“The practice of spending many hours in bed during the day, often with snacks or an electronic device, as a voluntary retreat from activity or stress.”
白天长时间躺在床上的做法，通常伴有零食或电子设备，作为对活动或压力的一种抽身而退。
平平无奇
Mid [adjective]
“Mediocre, unimpressive, or disappointing.”
平庸、平淡或令人失望。
慢时尚
Slow fashion [noun]
“A movement among clothing producers and consumers that emphasizes eco-friendly, well-made clothing, maintenance and repair of garments to extend their lifespan, and a general reduction of one’s consumption of new clothing items.”
服装生产者和消费者发起的活动，强调环保、制作精良的服装，对服装进行保养和维修以延长其使用寿命，并普遍减少对新服装的消费。
气候恶化
Climate breakdown [noun]
“The collective effects of harmful and potentially irreversible trends in climate, specifically those resulting from unchecked global warming.”
有害的、大概率不可逆的气候趋势影响，特别是那些未加控制的全球变暖造成的影响。
续航焦虑
Range anxiety [noun]
“The apprehension or fear that an electric vehicle’s battery will run out of power before reaching one’s intended destination or a charging station.”
总担心电动汽车会在到达预定目的地或充电站之前电池耗尽。
（沉浸式）声波浴
Sound bath [noun]
“An instance of sustained listening to the pleasant sounds emanating from a collection of singing bowls, bells, chimes, etc., used to aid in relaxation or meditation and believed to help restore physical and mental wellness.”
持续聆听唱歌碗*、铃铛、风铃等发出的悦耳声音，用于帮助放松或冥想，有助于恢复身心健康。
译注：唱歌碗（singing bowl），藏传佛教中的一种钵状法器，敲击时音色空灵深远。
酮流感
Keto flu [noun]
“A temporary feeling of illness or physical unease often experienced by those starting a ketogenic diet, characterized by fatigue, headaches, muscle soreness, etc., as the body adapts to using fat instead of carbohydrates for fuel.”
当身体适应使用脂肪而不是碳水化合物作为燃料时，开始生酮饮食*的人经常会出现的一种阶段性疾病或身体不适的感觉，其特征是疲劳、头痛、肌肉酸痛等。
译注：生酮饮食（Ketogenic Diet，简称KD）是一种高脂肪、极低碳水化合物、适量蛋白质的饮食方式。它的主要原理是通过限制碳水化合物的摄入，迫使身体进入一种名为“生酮状态”的代谢状态，在这种状态下，身体主要通过燃烧脂肪来获取能量，而不是依赖于碳水化合物。
能源贫困
Energy poverty [noun]
“A lack of adequate access to safe, affordable sources of electricity or fuel for warmth, light, cooking, etc.”
缺乏足够的、安全的、可负担的电力或燃料来取暖、照明、做饭等。
贪婪通胀
Greedflation [noun]
“A rise in prices, rents, or the like, that is not due to market pressure or any other factor organic to the economy, but is caused by corporate executives or boards of directors, property owners, etc., solely to increase profits that are already healthy or excessive.”
价格、租金等的上涨，并非由于市场压力或任何其他经济有机因素，而是企业高管或董事会、业主等为获取更多利润造成的。
词典新增单词定义的标准是什么？
并不是所有新加入 Dictionary.com 的单词都是源于最新的流行趋势。有些单词可能具有比这里所列的更广泛的含义。当 Dictionary.com 的专家们认为某些词汇被广泛使用，并且使用方式基本一致，这些词汇有可能会持续存在，并且对一般读者群体有实际帮助时，他们会将这些词汇添加到词典中。
词典编辑雷切尔·弗莱彻在 3 月 19 日表示，词典的团队会持续跟进监测语言的使用情况，除了添新词，还会更新现有词汇的用法。
One example of that was Cambridge Dictionary’s 2023 word of the year, “hallucinate,” which refers to when artificial intelligence produces false information.
《剑桥词典》2023 年的年度词汇“幻觉（hallucinate）”就是一个例子，除了本意之外，它还指人工智能产生的虚假信息。
弗莱彻说，这是《剑桥词典》去年进行的大量关于人工智能相关更新之一。“我们意识到，无人不谈人工智能，可‘幻觉’一词真正反映了人工智能的话题热点。”《剑桥词典》去年新增了数千个单词。
新增释义的工作
——追赶一列不断前行的火车
According to Tony Thorne, a lexicologist and language consultant at King’s College London, these types of lists have their own limitations, because they involve attempting to keep up with trends — which is in itself a “quite a difficult job.”
但伦敦国王学院的词汇学家和语言顾问托尼·索恩认为，制作这种跟踪最新流行词汇的清单有其局限性，因为语言的变化非常快，要想跟上最新的趋势并不容易。
而且，要评估和理解那些新出现并且在网络上广泛传播的词汇，是一项复杂且持续的工作。所以给词汇添加新定义的工作就像是试图追赶不断前进的火车，需要不断努力才能跟上。
Dictionary.com says its own lexicographers “track a vast number of terms and topics, read a wide variety of writing and transcribed speech, and use corpora (big, searchable collections of texts) to see how terms are actually being used.”
Dictionary.com 的词典编纂者会通过广泛的阅读和研究，来确保词典中的内容能够准确反映语言的实际使用情况。他们会跟踪和研究大量的术语和话题，阅读各种各样的书面文本和口头转录的演讲，并利用语料库——一种大型的、可以搜索的文本集合，来观察和分析这些术语在实际中是如何被使用的。
Letters Matter
The way we talk is forever changing as technologies, pop culture and social issues develop — and dictionaries are trying to keep up.
我们的语言表达方式总是在不断变化，这些变化随着技术、流行文化和社会问题的发展而发展。因此，词典也在努力跟上这些变化的步伐。
几大词典近年来选出的年度词汇如下：
去年，《牛津语言》将“rizz”*选为年度词汇，《柯林斯英语词典》选择了“AI”，《韦氏词典》则选择了“authentic（真实的）”。
译注：Rizz被定义为风格、魅力或吸引力，或者一个人浪漫、吸引性伴侣的能力。它通常与年轻一代联系在一起，在网上被广泛使用。
“It’s impossible for any linguist to say how important a new term is, how long it’s going to last, how significant it is,” he said. “So that’s why a lot of the new terms that they add are not new terms but have usually been around on social media, on TikTok, in conversations, for some time — sometimes years — before they’re accepted into the dictionary.”
索恩表示：“语言学家无法预测一个新词汇有多么重要、能火多久或者影响到底有多大。因此，许多被添加到词典中的“新”词汇实际上并不是刚刚出现的词汇，它们在被正式收录进词典之前，通常已经在社交媒体、抖音或日常对话中流行使用一段时间了，有时甚至是几年。”
There’s also a generational component when looking at new words or expressions, as much of the language “is baffling at first sight, and most people over 30 are entirely ignorant of it and ignore it, or they ridicule it if they see it.”
而且，用词也存在代沟。年轻一代可能更容易接受和使用这些新词汇，而 30 岁以上的人可能对这些新词汇感到困惑，甚至可能不了解、忽视或嘲笑它们。
但是索恩认为，语言变化是重要的，也是不可避免的。
“I think new language is about crucial changes — social and cultural changes,” he said. “Even if we’re baby boomers, we should try to keep up, keep abreast of what’s happening.”
他说:“新出现的语言反映了社会和文化的重大变化。即使是我们这种老头老太太，也应该努力了解当前发生的事情，跟上语言的发展。”
“The intersection of language, learning and culture is boundless, and we recognize that words have the power to shape thoughts, bridge gaps and reflect our ever-evolving society.”
Dictionary.com 编辑副总裁约翰·凯利也说道：“语言、学习和文化的相互作用是无限的，我们意识到文字不仅能够塑造人们的思想，还能够连接不同的人和群体，并且反映出我们社会不断发展的状态。”
原文链接：
https://www.washingtonpost.com/style/2024/02/13/dictionary-com-new-words-2024/
编译｜孜拉拉 罗丽艾 莫镇萍 方元 张馨予
排版｜毛博晗
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