全文字数：2300 字 / 阅读时长：7 分钟
瑞士气候保护资深妇女协会成员在裁决后的反应（图源Getty）
01
2000 名瑞士老年妇女
赢得具有里程碑意义的
气候案件胜利
2000 名老年女性能做什么？
一起组织一次美妙的旅行，或者成立一个社区学习新事物？
都不是。
她们赢得了一场具有里程碑意义的诉讼，要求政府对气候变化负责！
They are members of KlimaSeniorinnen Schweiz, a group of Swiss women climate activists all over the age of 64, initially brought the case against Switzerland in November 2016, who had argued that their government's inadequate efforts to combat climate change-fueled heat waves undermined their health and quality of life, and put them at risk of dying.
她们是 KlimaSeniorinnen Schweiz 的成员，这是一个由 64 岁以上女性气候活动家组成的团体，最初于 2016 年 11 月对瑞士政府提起诉讼。她们认为政府在应对气候变化方面没有做好万全之策，气候变化引发的高温损害了她们的健康和生活质量，加剧了死亡风险。
After eight years of litigation, The European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) finally found that Switzerland failed to implement sufficient climate policies — violating the women’s human rights.
经过八年的诉讼，欧洲人权法院（ECHR）最终认定瑞士政府未能有效实施气候政策，构成了对这些女性的人权侵害。
Court president Siofra O’Leary said the Swiss government “fail to quantify, through a carbon budget or otherwise, national greenhouse gas emissions limitations and fail to meet its past greenhouse gas emission reduction targets。”
法院院长西奥弗拉·奥利里（Siofra O'Leary）表示瑞士政府“未能通过碳预算或其他方式量化国家温室气体排放限制，并未达到其过去设定的温室气体减排目标。”
"This amounted to a breach of the women’s rights to effective protection from the serious adverse effects of climate change on lives, health, well-being and quality of life," the court said in a statement.
法院在一份声明中提到：“这构成了对这些妇女的权利侵害，因为政府未能提供有效保护，让她们免受气候变化对生命、健康、福祉和生活质量造成的严重不利影响。”
“We keep asking our lawyers, ‘Is that right?,’” Rosmarie Wydler-Wälti, a leader of KlimaSeniorinnen Schweiz, told Reuters. “And they tell us, ‘It’s the most you could have had. The biggest victory possible.’”
KlimaSeniorinnen Schweiz 的领导人 Rosmarie Wydler-Wälti 告诉路透社记者：“我们一直在问我们的律师 ‘这样做对吗？’，他们告诉我们说‘这是你能得到的最大的胜利。’”
“This ruling is not just a victory for KlimaSeniorinnen Schweiz . Our victory is a victory for all generations,” she added in a statement.
“这项裁决不仅是我们团体的胜利，我们的胜利是所有世代的胜利。” 她在一份声明中补充道。
在欧洲人权法院的决定之前，抗议者在集会上举着三角旗（图源Getty）
02
为什么
该裁决具有里程碑式的意义？
It marks the first time the court has ruled on climate litigation. There is no right of appeal and the judgment is legally binding.
这是该法院首次就气候诉讼做出裁决。本次裁决具有法律约束力，且不允许提出上诉。
Experts say the court’s ruling could bolster other human rights-based climate cases pending before international courts and could open the flood gates for numerous similar lawsuits to be launched in the future.
专家们认为，法院的裁决可能会支持国际法院正在审理的其他以人权为基础的气候案件，并可能为今后发起的大量类似诉讼打开闸门。
That’s important because there are several pending climate change cases at the Court, which is based in Strasbourg, France, including a case against the Norwegian government alleging oil and gas exploration licenses violate citizens’ human rights. Establishing a precedent in the ECHR means that it could apply to the 45 other countries that are party to the European Convention on Human Rights.
这一点非常重要，因为位于法国斯特拉斯堡的欧洲人权法院还受理了几起未决的气候变化案件，其中包括一起针对挪威政府的案件，该案指控其石油和天然气勘探许可证侵犯了公民的人权。在欧洲人权法院建立先例意味着它可以适用于《欧洲人权公约》的其他 45 个缔约国。
“Today’s rulings against Switzerland sets a historic precedent that applies to all European countries,” Gerry Liston, a lawyer at Global Legal Action Network, which supported the Portugal case, said in a statement. “It means that all European countries must urgently revise their targets so that they are science-based and aligned to 1.5 degrees. This is a massive win for all generations.”
全球法律行动网络（Global Legal Action Network）的律师格里·利斯顿（Gerry Liston）在一份声明中说道：“今天对瑞士的裁决开创了一个适用于所有欧洲国家的历史性先例，这意味着所有欧洲国家都必须紧急修订其目标，使之以科学为依据，并与 1.5 摄氏度的目标*保持一致，这对所有世代来说都是一个巨大的胜利。”
译注：在应对气候变化的历史性成果《巴黎协定》中，设定的目标是将全球升温控制在不超过工业化前2℃以内，最好是1.5℃；1.5℃被认为是一个临界阈值，因为超过这一界限，气候变化的影响预计会变得越来越严重。
03
她们是如何取得胜利的?
The women’s strategy relied partly on their medical vulnerability as senior citizens to excessive heat caused by climate change. Reports by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, among others, show that the Swiss population of senior women — especially those over 75 — are more prone to heat-related medical problems like “dehydration, hyperthermia, fatigue, loss of consciousness, heat cramps and heat strokes,” according to the group. Within Switzerland, they are also the most vulnerable to exacerbated health problems, including respiratory, cardiovascular, and kidney problems in excessive heat.
这些女性的部分诉讼依据是，老年人群对气候变化导致的极端高温更加敏感脆弱。联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change)等机构的报告显示，瑞士的老年妇女，尤其是 75 岁以上的老年妇女，更容易出现与高温有关的医疗问题，如 “脱水、高热、疲劳、意识丧失、热痉挛和中暑”。在瑞士国内，她们也是最容易出现健康问题恶化的人群，包括高温下出现的呼吸道、心血管和肾脏问题。
“We are aware that older men, people with diseases as well as small children also suffer from heat waves and other climate effects,” the group wrote on its website. “By focusing on the proven particular susceptibility of us older women we are simply enhancing our lawsuit’s chances of success which is ultimately good for everyone.”
她们在自己的网站上写道：“我们知道，老年人、疾病患者和幼儿也会受到高温和其他气候影响的影响，但我们关注这些已被证实的老年妇女的特殊易感性，只是在增加我们诉讼的成功机会，这最终会对每个人都有好处。”
该组织在绿色和平组织的支持下，花了将近八年时间在瑞士法院打官司，然后才到欧洲人权法院起诉。
The reason that the Court found that it could give an opinion there is that it found that ... the [Swiss] legal process had failed to give a remedy for what it identified as these violations of the convention rights.
欧洲人权法院之所以受理此案，是因为瑞士法院认定政府的这些行为违反了公约权利，但它未能对此提供补救措施。
04
该裁决下瑞士会怎么做？
Michael Burger, executive director of the Sabin Center for Climate Change Law at Columbia University, conveyed his perspective that the decision affirms that European Human Rights law ... requires governments to pursue a high level of climate ambition. Switzerland is likely to take the court’s decision seriously, and it could encourage more domestic cases in countries that are party to the convention.
哥伦比亚大学萨宾气候变化法中心（Sabin Center for Climate Change Law）执行主任迈克尔·伯格（Michael Burger）表达了他的观点，那就是这项裁决肯定了欧洲人权法......要求各国政府追求高水平的气候目标。瑞士可能会认真对待法院的裁决，这可能会鼓励公约缔约国在国内审理更多（类似的）案件。
Switzerland will now be obligated to update its climate change policies, but the ECHR can’t tell the Swiss government what policies must be implemented.
瑞士现在有义务更新其气候变化政策，但欧洲人权法院并未告诉瑞士政府必须执行哪些政策。
“It doesn’t provide a specific injunction or any specific direction — it just says that you have to be more consistent with what the climate science says, but with deference to the policy prerogatives and democratic processes of the Swiss government,” Burger said.
“欧洲人权法院并没有提供具体的禁令或任何具体的指示——它只是说，你必须更加符合气候科学的说法，但要遵从瑞士政府的政策特权和民主进程。” 伯格说道。
原文链接：
https://www.vox.com/world-politics/24125621/switzerland-echr-climate-change-human-rights-court
https://edition.cnn.com/2024/04/09/climate/international-court-judgment-human-rights-climate-intl/index.html
https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/news/court-human-rights-europe-climate-crisis-b2525695.html
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/14/the-older-swiss-women-taking-the-government-to-court-over-climate
编译 | 艾妮古丽
排版 | 艾妮古丽
点击关注，携手成长👇