巴西有上亿头牛,但有一头最为特别。她身躯巨大、浑身雪白,处于多个监控摄像头、一名兽医和一名武装警卫的密切关注之下。
Worth $4 million, Viatina-19 FIV Mara Movéis is the most expensive cow ever sold at auction, according to Guinness World Records. That’s three times more than the last recordholder’s price. And — at 1,100 kilograms (more than 2,400 pounds) — she’s twice as heavy as an average adult of her breed.
吉尼斯世界纪录显示,价值 400 万美元(约合人民币 2904 万元)的 Viatina-19 FIV Mara movsamis 是有史以来拍卖价格最高的奶牛。这是上一个纪录保持者价格的三倍多。她重逾 110 公斤,是同品种*普通成年牛的两倍之多。
译注:Viatina-19属于内洛尔牛(Nelore),是瘤牛(zebu)的变种之一。瘤牛是一种起源于印度的亚种,具有独特的驼峰和赘肉,或颈部皮肤褶皱。在巴西,大部分牛都属于内洛尔品种,主要作为肉牛而非奶牛饲养。
2024 年 4 月 26 日星期五,一名饲养员在巴西米纳斯吉拉斯州乌贝拉巴的一个农场展示被称为 Viatina-19 的 Nelore 奶牛。美联社照片/Silvia Izquierdo
Along a highway through Brazil’s heartland, Viatina-19’s owners have put up two billboards praising her grandeur and beckoning ranchers, curious locals and busloads of veterinary students to make pilgrimages to see the supercow.
在一条穿过巴西中心地带的高速公路上,Viatina-19 的主人们竖起了两块广告牌,赞美她的伟大,吸引农场主、好奇的当地人和成群结队的兽医学生前来一睹这头超级牛的风采。
身价百万的牛,怎么来的?
Showstoppers like Viatina-19 are rarities in Brazil, where there are more than 230 million cows, according to the United States Department of Agriculture.
根据美国农业部(United States Department of Agriculture)的数据,巴西有超过 2.3 亿头牛,但像 Viatina-19 这样令人惊叹的牛是罕见的。
The cow’s eye-popping price stems from how quickly she put on vast amounts of muscle, from her fertility and — crucially — how often she has passed those characteristics to her offspring, said Lorrany Martins, a veterinarian
兽医洛兰尼·马丁斯(Lorrany Martins)说,这头牛令人瞠目的价格源于它长出大量肌肉的速度之快和它的生育能力之强,最重要的是,它能稳定把这些优良特征遗传给后代。
“She is the closest to perfection that has been attained so far,” Martins said. “She’s a complete cow, has all the characteristics that all the proprietors are looking for.”
“她是迄今为止最接近完美的选手。”马丁斯说,“她拥有所有业主都在寻找的所有特征,是一头完美得无可挑剔的奶牛。”
这种奶牛的成本如此之高,以至于她的所有权可以分开出售。佩雷拉的公司 Agropecuaria Napemo 在 2022 年的一次拍卖中支付了数百万雷亚尔(约合人民币 581 万元),获得了她 50% 的股份。另一个牧场主保留另一半,这样两人就可以共同做出重要的决定并分享收入。
自 Viatina-19 出生至今,她的所有权已经经过了五次买卖。
美联社图片
Last year, Pereira and the other owner put a 33% stake in the cow up at auction. One bidder paid 7 million reais ($1.3 million), making Viatina-19’s full value break the Guinness record.
去年,佩雷拉和另一位股权所有者将这头奶牛 33% 的股份拍卖了出去。一位竞标者支付了 700 万雷亚尔(约合人民币 944 万元),借此,Viatina-19 的总价值(400 万美元)一举打破了吉尼斯纪录。
全球的希望?
Viatina 或可解决环保和肉类需求难题
It has the world’s largest beef cattle population, and that’s problematic; of the nation’s total greenhouse emissions, 86% are linked to its food production, mainly for beef and soy, according to a World Bank report published last month.
巴西拥有世界上最大的肉牛种群,而这是个问题; 世界银行今年 5 月发布的一份报告显示,巴西 86% 的温室气体排放与食品生产有关,且主要来源于牛肉和大豆。
Huge swaths of Amazon rainforest have been slashed to create pasture, releasing carbon stored in trees, and cows belch methane that’s far worse for the climate.
为了开辟牧场,人们砍伐了大片的亚马逊雨林,释放出了储存在树木中的碳,更糟糕的是,奶牛会释放出对气候更有害的甲烷。
Ranching is here to stay; it’s an economic engine in Brazil, which exported more than 2 million tons of beef in both 2022 and 2023, the most since records began in 1997.
尽管如此,牧场将继续存在,因为它是巴西的经济引擎。在 2022 年和 2023 年,巴西出口了超过 200 万吨牛肉,这是自 1997 年有记录以来的最高水平。
One of the best ways to cut livestock emissions is reducing cows’ age of slaughter, said Rodrigo Gomes, a beef cattle researcher at the government’s agricultural research corporation. Elite cows can gain weight fast enough to be slaughtered significantly younger.
政府农业研究公司的肉牛研究员罗德里戈·戈麦斯(Rodrigo Gomes)说,减少牲畜排放的最佳方法之一是缩短奶牛的屠宰年龄——优质奶牛增重的速度足够快,就可以缩短它的养殖时间。
“We’re not slaughtering elite cattle. We’re breeding them. And at the end of the line, going to feed the whole world,” one of her owners, Ney Pereira, said after arriving by helicopter at his farm in Minas Gerais state. “I think Viatina will provide that.”
“我们做的不是宰杀,而是培育优质牛,从而最终满足全世界人类对牛肉的需要。” Viatina-19 的主人之一佩雷拉说:“我认为 Viatina 会帮我们实现这个目标。
2024年4月26日,星期五,巴西米纳斯吉拉斯州乌贝巴,内伊·佩雷拉和他的女儿,兽医洛朗尼·马丁斯在他的农场马厩里接受采访。(美联社图片/Silvia Izquierdo)
也有人认为,基因改良对减缓气候变暖虽有帮助,但作用有限。
Simpler, more effective measures include planting better grass for grazing and regularly moving cattle from pasture to pasture, said Beto Veríssimo, an agronomist who co-founded an environmental nonprofit called Imazon.
农学家贝托 Veríssimo 说,更简单、更有效的措施包括种植更好的牧草,定期将牛从一个牧场转移到另一个牧场等等。
25万美元一颗卵细胞,值得吗?
Those eager to level up their livestock’s genetics pay around $250,000 for an opportunity to collect Viatina-19’s egg cells.
渴望提高牲畜遗传水平的养殖户支付约 25 万美元(约合人民币 182 万元),就有机会获取 Viatina-19 的卵细胞,用以优化其牲畜品种。
从埃洛·德·拉帕拉塔(Elo de rarada)拍卖行沿着高速公路走下去,一座看起来很普通的农舍里面,穿着白大褂的员工正从奶牛的尾毛中提取 DNA,用它来制造胚胎。实验室后面绵延的牧场山丘上分布着大约 500 头怀着克隆胚胎的牛。
“这些都是代孕母牛。”动物遗传与生物技术公司的商业总监保罗·塞兰托拉(Paulo Cerantola)说。
克隆出来的小羊(美联社图片/Silvia Izquierdo)
Perhaps one-third of fetal clones survive; the pregnancies can fail or a clone can be born with deformities that require euthanasia, Cerantola said. Clones of Viatina-19 are due in a few months, he said.
也许有三分之一的克隆胎儿能存活下来:塞兰托拉说,受孕可能会失败,或者克隆出来的婴儿可能有畸形,需要安乐死。塞兰托拉透露,Viatina-19 的克隆将在几个月内完成。
但有些牧场主并不想要这样的克隆牛。
根据巴德勒的经验,像 Viatina-19 这样需要大量饲养的奶牛在商业规模上不具备盈利能力,因为单靠草料无法满足它们的能量需求。巴德勒在一家专注于改善牛基因库的公司 Trans Ova Genetics 工作,他是这家公司的牛评审和国际业务经理。
“For the environment and the resources that it would take to run a cow like (Viatina-19), she fits the mold ideally, but she’s not the answer for all cattle everywhere,” he said.
他说:“就所需要的环境和资源而言,像 Viatina-19 这样的奶牛符合理想的模式,但她并不是所有地方奶牛品种的最优解。”
Another Texas cattleman who traveled to ExpoZebu in 2023 to scope out the genetics scene was more critical, calling Viatina-19, and cows like her, “man-made freaks.”
另一位德克萨斯州的牧牛人在 2023 年前往ExpoZebu*考察遗传学领域时更为尖酸,他称 Viatina-19 和像她这样的奶牛是“人造怪物”。
译注:ZebuExpo是一个在巴西举办的国际畜牧展览会,主要焦点是瘤牛(Zebu)。博览会会展示各种品种的瘤牛,促进其遗传改良,促进育种者、研究人员和行业专业人员之间的贸易和知识交流。它是在全球范围内发展和推广瘤牛的重要平台。
“In my opinion, she needs a bullet in her head. She’s poison for the industry,” Grant Vassberg said by phone. “We still need cows to be efficient on grass. That’s how you feed the world.”
“在我看来,她需要一枪爆头。她是这个行业的毒瘤。”格兰特·瓦斯伯格说,“我们仍然需要奶牛来提高草地的效率。这才是养活世界的正确方式。”
佩雷拉说, Viatina 的卵细胞已经卖给了玻利维亚买家,他还想出口到阿拉伯联合酋长国、印度和美国。
“If she is the best in the world – not just her price, but I believe she is the world’s best – we need to share her around the world,” Pereira said.
佩雷拉说:“如果她是世界上最好的——不仅仅是她的价格,我相信她是世界上最好的——我们需要把她分享给全世界。”
他的兽医女儿马丁斯的眼光则更长远。
“I hope she is the basis for an even better animal in the future, decades from now,” she said.
她说:“我希望几十年后,她能成为未来更优秀动物的基础。”
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