总字数：2306
建议阅读时长：6分钟
10月16日，昆虫爱好者在"冰岛昆虫"脸书群组中发帖称发现了一只"奇怪的飞虫"。他收集了这只昆虫并发现它是一只雌性蚊子，这也意味着他成为了有记录以来首位在冰岛发现蚊子的人。也就是说，随着气候的持续变化，冰岛已经不再是人们印象中的“无蚊圣地”了。
蚊子入侵！冰岛 “无蚊史” 终结
Iceland's cold climate and lack of stagnant water in which the insects can breed are key contributors to the country's former lack of mosquitoes, the World Population Review said.
世界人口评论（World Population Review）组织指出，冰岛过去没有蚊子，主要原因是其寒冷的气候，以及缺乏蚊子繁殖所需的静水环境（即不流动的水）。
在比亚德尼·夏尔塔松发现第一次在冰岛发现蚊子后，冰岛自然科学研究所昆虫学家马蒂亚斯·阿尔弗雷德松向《卫报》证实，研究人员用吸引飞蛾的红酒绳诱捕到三只蚊子——两雌一雄。据美国国立卫生研究院称，这种名为环跗库蚊的耐寒物种分布于古北区（包括北非、欧洲和喜马拉雅山脉以北的亚洲）。
环跗库蚊（Culiseta annulata）在冰岛首次被记录［图片来源：Flickr］
C. annulata is the most common mosquito species found in the U.K. It has also been introduced to Canada and the northern U.S., Dina Fonseca, an entomologist and director of the Center for Vector Biology at Rutgers University, told ABC News.C. annulata often lays eggs in artificial containers such as rain barrels, buckets, cisterns, flowerpots, and discarded tires, which facilitate its expansion to new areas, Fonseca said.
罗格斯大学昆虫学家、媒介生物学中心主任迪娜·丰塞卡表示，该物种是英国最常见的蚊种，目前已扩散至加拿大和美国北部地区。丰塞卡指出，环跗库蚊常在雨水桶、水桶、水箱、花盆和废弃轮胎等人工容器中产卵，这种习性助长了其向新区域的扩散。
变暖 + 全球化：蚊子登陆的双重推手
“With only three specimens found,” Dr. Gislason said, “I would guess it’s a very recent arrival.”Given that these three were found near Reykjavik, the capital, and an international harbor, they most likely came from abroad, experts said.
专家表示，鉴于这三只蚊子是在首都雷克雅未克及一个国际港口附近被发现的，它们很可能来自国外。“目前只发现了三只样本，”吉斯拉松博士说，“我推测它们是近期才抵达冰岛的。”
“This is the first time” that mosquitoes have been found in the wild of Iceland, Mr. Alfredsson wrote in an email. The Natural Science Institute announced the discovery in a statement on Tuesday.The question for Icelandic scientists is whether they will be short-lived tourists or the beginning of a new, native population. But either way, mosquito experts say the discovery is a sign of how rapid climate change and globalization are changing Iceland.
阿尔弗雷德松在声明中强调："这是冰岛野外首次发现蚊子。"现在摆在科学家面前的问题是：这些蚊子是短暂过客，还是本土种群的先兆？蚊虫专家巴特·诺尔斯指出，这一发现表明气候变化和全球化正在迅速改变冰岛。
Iceland has seen a spike in insect life over the past four decades or so, said Gisli Mar Gislason, a professor emeritus at the University of Iceland who studied aquatic insects and is writing a book on Icelandic insect identification with Mr. Alfredsson, Mr. Hjaltason and another entomologist.Recently, that growth has coincided with the skyrocketing number of international travelers visiting the geographically isolated nation. The torrent of planes, cruise ships and cargo boats gives insects more chances to hitch a ride, Dr. Gislason said.
冰岛大学荣誉退休教授吉斯利·马尔·吉斯拉松（Gisli Mar Gislason）长期研究水生昆虫，目前正与阿尔弗雷德松、希亚尔塔松及另一位昆虫学家合作撰写一本冰岛昆虫图鉴。他表示，过去约四十年间，冰岛的昆虫数量大幅增加。吉斯拉松博士指出，近来昆虫数量的增长，恰逢前往这个地理上与世隔绝国家的国际游客数量激增。大量的飞机、邮轮和货轮，为昆虫提供了更多“搭便车”的机会。
此前，冰岛的沼泽因气候过于寒冷且每年冻结次数过多，一直无法存活蚊子。而气候变化或许正改变这一现状[图片来源：肖恩·盖洛普/盖蒂图片社]
“With increasing temperatures,” he continued, “There are more opportunities for species from warmer areas to colonize Iceland.”Enter the mosquitoes.
“随着气温不断升高，”他接着说，“来自较温暖地区的物种在冰岛定居的机会也会更多。”蚊子就这样“登场”了。
高温破纪录：冰岛气候的颠覆性变化
This year, the country broke multiple records for its high temperatures.Typically, Iceland rarely experiences highs of more than 20C (68F) in May, and when it does those heatwaves will last for no more than two to three days, its Met Office notes. That threshold was exceeded for 10 consecutive days this year in different parts of the country, though.
今年，该国打破了多项高温纪录。冰岛气象局指出，通常情况下，冰岛在5月很少出现超过20摄氏度（68华氏度）的高温，即便出现，热浪持续时间也不会超过两到三天。然而今年，该国多个地区连续10天突破了这一温度阈值。
2023年4月15日拍摄的冰岛斯维纳菲尔冰川（Svinafellsjokull），在连续高温下，该冰川规模正在减小[图片来源：阿萨纳西奥斯·吉乌姆帕西斯/盖蒂图片社
冰岛还在今年5月迎来了史上最高的气温——埃格利斯塔第尔机场（Eglisstaðir Airport）的气温达到过26.6摄氏度（79.8华氏度）。
生存推演：冰岛蚊子会扎根吗？
目前尚不清楚这三只蚊子的出现是偶然事件，还是新的事实的信号。阿尔弗雷德松表示，需要通过更多监测来判断它们是否“真正在冰岛定居”。
Dr. Gislason, who reviewed photos of the three specimens, said a mosquito population could spread quickly, pointing to no-see-ums (Ceratopogonidae). Those bugs, which also cause itchy bites, appeared only a decade earlier, he said. Now, he added, they are present throughout the country.“If this population establishes itself, as I presume it will, it may spread as fast as the no-see-ums,” he said.
吉斯拉松博士查看过这三只蚊子的照片，他表示蚊子种群可能会迅速扩散，并以蠓虫（Ceratopogonidae，又称“小咬”）为例。他说，这种同样会造成痒疹的虫子十年前才出现在冰岛，如今已遍布全国。“如果这个蚊子种群能成功定居（我认为大概率会），其扩散速度可能会和蠓虫一样快，”他说。
在英国斯托德马什自然保护区拍摄到的这只环跗库蚊是首次在冰岛被发现。［图片来源：罗伯特·皮克特/阿拉米图片社］
While it is impossible to know if these are truly Iceland’s first mosquitoes, the country has extensive insect monitoring, meaning a previous population would have most likely been detected, Mr. Alfredsson said. If there were a few mosquitoes in the past, he added, they probably died out without establishing a foothold.
阿尔弗雷德松表示，虽然无法确定这是否真的是冰岛首批蚊子，但该国拥有完善的昆虫监测体系，若此前存在蚊子种群，大概率会被检测到。他补充说，即便过去曾出现过少量蚊子，它们也可能在站稳脚跟之前就已灭绝。
But with the climate warming, it is plausible they could survive in Iceland, according to Dr. Knols. “We should not be surprised if — maybe just for a short period — that mosquitoes manage to establish themselves and produce the next generation,” he added.
诺尔斯博士认为，随着气候变暖，这些蚊子有可能在冰岛存活下来。“如果蚊子能成功定居并繁殖出下一代——哪怕只是短期内——我们也不应感到惊讶，”他补充道。
互动问题：你认为蚊子的出现对冰岛会有什么样的影响？这种讨厌的昆虫会在最后一个“无蚊”的国家留下来吗？请在评论区说说你的想法！
参考资料：
https://abcnews.go.com/International/mosquitoes-found-iceland-1st-time-temperatures-region-rise/story?id=126716295
https://www.nytimes.com/2025/10/22/world/europe/iceland-mosquito-discovery.html
https://news.google.com/read/CBMiWkFVX3lxTE9vMjFMQ0lRNmNpX25faEpHb1g4NXFFUUJESnU0OUdqQ2o2R0xvMi13ZDFnVHQ0WHlYOENtNkd4ZWdOVGU3YTFSVWxjSHpLb3hxQ1pUUlBJdmJ2Z9IBX0FVX3lxTE5jdzRGcmFZWmdCeWs3VkFnb3pjOEFLV3JtS0NqQzJ2Rjk5QlZSVllCX2FJUW9Mb1hicTVaWFBnWk5oS1FPTDV5dnM5S0syX19icDRMb2R1X3ZOenBaeTFn?hl=en-GB&gl=GB&ceid=GB%3Aen
https://www.birdguides.com/news/record-heat-sees-mosquitoes-reach-iceland-for-the-first-time/
https://www.npr.org/2025/10/22/nx-s1-5582748/iceland-mosquitoes-first-time
编译｜余果
排版｜余果
点击关注 携手成长👇