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part1. 日本开始推动“核能最大化”？
Tokyo Electric Power Co plans to restart the first unit of its Kashiwazaki-Kariwa nuclear power plant, the world's biggest, on January 20, TEPCO President Tomiaki Kobayakawa told reporters on Wednesday.
12月24日，东京电力公司总裁小早川智明向记者表示，该公司计划于明年1月20日重启全球最大核电站——柏崎刈羽核电站的第一台机组。
柏崎刈羽核电站总装机容量为820万千瓦，可满足数百万户家庭用电需求。
东京电力公司（TEPCO）的柏崎狩轮核电站，是世界最大的核电设施之一，位于日本新潟县柏崎市滨海/图源路透社
This week, the prefecture assembly in Niigata, the region where the plant is located, gave a green light for the partial restart of the Kashiwazaki-Kariwa plant. It will be the first for TEPCO since its Fukushima Daiichi nuclear reactor's meltdown in 2011.
本周，核电站所在的新潟县议会已批准该电站部分重启。这将是自2011年福岛第一核电站发生堆芯熔毁事故以来，东电首次重启核电站。
Kashiwazaki-Kariwa, located about 220 km (136 miles) northwest of Tokyo, was among 54 reactors shut after the 2011 earthquake and tsunami crippled the Fukushima Daiichi plant in the world's worst nuclear disaster since Chernobyl.
柏崎刈羽核电站位于东京西北约220公里处，是2011年大地震和海啸导致福岛第一核电站严重受损后，日本停运的54座反应堆之一。该事故是自切尔诺贝利事件以来全球最严重的核灾难。
注：切尔诺贝利事件：1986年4月26日，苏联切尔诺贝利核电站4号反应堆，因安全测试操作失误引发爆炸与核泄漏，是人类历史上最严重的核事故。该事故导致数万人因辐射暴露患上癌症等疾病，超30万人被迫撤离。
福岛核电站的位置（Fukushima）及其2011年日本大地震的震中位置/图源BBC
Japan once planned to phase out atomic powerfollowing the disaster at the Fukushima plant caused by an earthquake and tsunami. But in the face of global fuel shortages, rising prices and pressure to reduce carbon emissions,the government has reversed its policy and is now seeking to increase nuclear energy use by accelerating reactor restarts, extending their operational lifespan and considering building new ones.
福岛地震海啸核事故发生后，日本曾计划逐步淘汰核电。但面对全球燃料短缺、价格上涨及减排压力，日本政府已逆转这一政策，如今正通过加快反应堆重启、延长机组运行寿命、考虑新建核电站等方式，扩大核电使用规模。
Earlier this year, Japan said it needed to rely on nuclear to meet growing demand from power-hungry sectors like AI and semiconductors, with an energy plan released calling for "maximising" nuclear energy.
今年早些时候，日本表示需要依赖核能以满足人工智能和半导体等耗电行业日益增长的需求，并发布了一项能源计划，呼吁“最大化”核能。
part2: 福岛核灾难余波未了
但日本政府大力推进核能扩张的背后，始终绕不开14年前那场改变日本核电发展轨迹的福岛核事故。
In Japan, any mention of nuclear energy inevitably brings back difficult memories of the nuclear meltdown at the Daiichi power plant.
在日本，任何提到核能都会让人回想起第一核电厂熔毁的痛苦记忆。
The Fukushima nuclear disaster happened on 11 March 2011 when a massive earthquake off north-east Japantriggered a tsunami.
2011年3月11日，日本东北部近海发生强烈地震并引发海啸。
Systems at the nuclear plant detected the earthquake and automatically shut down the reactors. Emergency diesel generators turned on to keep coolant pumping around the cores, which remain incredibly hot even after a shutdown.
核电站监测系统探测到地震后，自动关停了反应堆。应急柴油发电机随即启动，持续为堆芯冷却系统供电——即便反应堆停堆，堆芯温度依然极高。
But soon after a wave over 14 metres high hit Fukushima. The water overwhelmed the defensive sea wall, flooding the plant and knocking out the emergency generators.
然而，一场超过14米高的海啸很快袭击了福岛。巨浪冲垮防波堤，涌入核电站，导致应急发电机瘫痪。
The damageled to nuclear meltdowns and a number of hydrogen explosions.
设施损毁最终引发堆芯熔毁，还诱发多起氢气爆炸事故。
这些破坏导致核熔毁和多起氢气爆炸
Radioactive material began leaking into the atmosphere and the Pacific Ocean, prompting evacuations and an ever-widening exclusion zone.
放射性物质开始向大气和太平洋泄漏，当局随即组织人员撤离，并不断扩大隔离区范围。
At least 16 workers were injured in the explosions, while dozens more were exposed to radiationas they worked to cool the reactors and stabilise the plant. Three people were reportedly taken to hospital after high-level exposure.A number of people were later confirmed tohave died in the evacuation.
爆炸造成至少16名工作人员受伤，另有数十人在参与堆芯冷却和核电站稳定作业时遭受辐射。据报道，3人因受到高强度辐射被送往医院救治，多人在撤离过程中丧生。
核辐射暴露的长期健康影响，始终没有统一的结论。
Scientists both inside and outside Japan believe that aside from the region immediately around the plant, the risks of exposure remain relatively low.
日本国内外科研人员均认为，除核电站周边紧邻区域外，其他地区的辐射暴露风险相对较低。
The World Health Organization (WHO) released a report in 2013 that said the disasterwill not cause any observable increase in cancer rates in the region.
2013年，世界卫生组织发布的一份报告指出，这场灾难不会导致该地区癌症发病率出现可观测的上升。
而从官方披露的事实来看，辐射带来的伤害仍有具体案例可循。
关于福岛核事故的责任归属问题，早在2012年就已进入公众视野。
In 2012, Japan's then prime minister Yoshihiko Noda said the state shared the blame for the disaster. A court ruled in 2017thatthe government bore partial responsibilityand should pay compensation to evacuees.
2012年，日本时任首相野田佳彦表示，日本政府对这场灾难负有连带责任。2017年，日本一家法院作出判决，认定政府需承担部分责任，并向疏散民众支付赔偿金。
An independent investigation by Japan's parliament concluded that Fukushima was"a profoundly man-made disaster", blaming the energy company for failing to meet safety requirements or to plan for such an event.
然而日本国会开展的独立调查认定，福岛核事故是“一场彻头彻尾的人为灾难”，并指出事故原因在于涉事能源企业未落实安全标准，也未针对此类灾害制定应急预案。
2018年，日本政府宣布一名工人因辐射暴露死亡，并同意赔偿其家属。
However, in 2019 a Japanese courtcleared three former Tepco executives of negligence in what was the only criminal case to come out of the disaster.
但在2019年，日本一家法院对福岛核事故唯一的刑事案件作出判决，宣布东京电力公司三名前高管过失指控不成立。
part3：反对声浪与民众忧虑
Residents in Niigata aredividedover whether the plant should be restarted or not.
日本新潟县民众对是否重启核电站意见不一。
东京电力公司今年早些时候承诺，未来十年将向新潟县投入一千亿日元（约合6.41亿美元）资金，以争取当地居民对重启计划的支持。
然而新潟县10月公布的调查显示，60%的居民认为重启条件尚未成熟，近70%对东京电力公司的运营能力表示担忧。
52岁的绪方绫子，2011年与其他16万名撤离者一同逃离福岛核电站周边区域，后定居新潟县。她的老宅位于辐射半径20公里的禁区之内。这位农场主兼反核活动人士，已投身新潟县的反核抗议活动。
“ We know firsthand the risk of a nuclear accident and cannot dismiss it," said Oga, adding that she still struggles with post-traumatic stress-like symp
“我们亲身经历过核事故的风险，绝不能对此视而不见。”绪方表示，福岛核事故留下的创伤后应激障碍仍时常困扰着她。
抗议者在新潟县政府大楼附近参加集会/图源路透社
Even Niigata Governor Hanazumi hopes that Japan will eventually be able to reduce its reliance on nuclear power. "I want to see an era where we don't have to rely on energy sources that cause anxiety," he said last month.
就连新潟县知事花角英世也期待日本能逐步降低对核电的依赖。他在上月坦言："我期待看到不依赖令人不安的能源的时代到来。"
在地方政府表达对核电的审慎态度的同时，负责核电重启的企业方也对外公布了推进计划。
"As the company responsible for the Fukushima Daiichi accident, we will apply the reflections and lessons learned… We will proceed with the restart, the first in 14 years, sticking to safety as the top priority," Kobayakawa said.
小早川智明表示："作为福岛第一核电站事故的责任方，我们将深刻反思并汲取教训……坚持把安全放在首位，推进这座时隔14年的重启工作。"
互动：对于日本推进核电重启，你更倾向于支持还是担忧？请在评论区留下你的看法！
参考资料：
https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/boards-policy-regulation/japan-prepares-restart-worlds-biggest-nuclear-plant-15-years-after-fukushima-2025-12-21/
https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/boards-policy-regulation/japans-tepco-restart-first-unit-kashiwazaki-kariwa-january-20-2025-12-24/
https://bbc.com/news/articles/cev8j9ylr14o
https://bbc.com/news/business-62147050
https://bbc.com/news/world-asia-56252695
https://bbc.com/news/articles/c2l79p7x589o
https://bbc.com/news/articles/c5yeyy3y1ejo
https://apnews.com/article/japan-nuclear-energy-tepco-fukushima-31203a9b83c709ddfaff21ef170f9e88?utm_source=copy&utm_medium=share
编译|黄正香
排版|黄正香
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