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Design of Blast-Resistant Buildings in Energy and Industrial Facilities（ASCE Third Edition）
能源及其他工业设施抗爆建筑物的设计(ASCE第三版)
李立昌整理
ASCE Design of Blast-Resistant Buildings in Energy and Industrial Facilities（Third Edition）（原名为石油化工及其他工业设施抗爆建筑物的设计）provides general guidelines and three worked design examples for the structural design of blast-resistant buildings. This new edition incorporates updates regarding new developments within structural blast engineering in energy and industrial facilities including risk-based facility siting, new building types, loading on elevated buildings, new screening level guidance, and mitigation using energy-absorbing systems.
Topics include：
Determination of loads,
Types of construction,
Dynamic material strength and response criteria,
Dynamic analysis methods,
Design procedures,
Ancillary and architectural considerations,
Evaluation and upgrade of existing buildings,
This book will be of interest to structural engineers and engineers in the petrochemical, power generation, pharmaceutical, and other chemical processing industries. This third edition will aid professionals working on the design of structures and buildings to resist the effects of blasts, explosions, and impactive/impulsive loads.
Chapter 1: focuses on blast-resistant structural aspects of designing new buildings, as well as evaluating and modifying/strengthening existing buildings. Blast-resistant design, or the structural strengthening of these buildings subjected to explosion hazards, is one of the measures an owner may employ to minimize the risk to people and facilities from the hazards of accidental explosions in a plant. Petrochemical facilities handle flammable and reactive materials, which have produced accidental explosions in the past. For buildings, blast loading can be the most damaging effect from an accidental explosion in a process plant. However, in addition to blast loading, such incidents can result in fires, toxic gas ingress, and projectiles that can cause damage to buildings, harm occupants, and/or damage equipment within the building. Historically, blast-resistant design technology in the petrochemical and other industries has evolved on two fronts, namely: hazard analysis and explosion modeling; and structural responses.
Chapter 2:The need and requirements for blast resistance in plant buildings within the petrochemical industry have evolved over recent years. This chapter covers the general considerations pertaining to the design of plant buildings to resist the effects of accidental explosions in petrochemical plants. It briefly discusses the relevant regulatory requirements along with the current industry practice and the objectives for providing blast resistance in plant buildings. The chapter describes some factors that should be considered for blast resistance. The location of buildings relative to potential blast scenario locations (also known as facility siting by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration), plays a key role in blast protection of buildings in a plant. Often, the need for blast protection has to be balanced with functional or operational needs. The chapter discusses blast design considerations for offshore facilities and provides an overview of the performance of non-building structures, equipment, and components.
Chapter 3: provides general information on the characteristics of shock and blast loads. It discusses how explosions that occur in process plants are characterized in order to determine the blast loads for structural design. The chapter also discusses the types of explosions that may occur in petrochemical plants and provides a description of the basic parameters that define a blast wave. It covers some of the methods currently in use in the industry and some blast overpressure values for accidental explosions used for design. The chapter provides a simplified conservative method for determining blast loads applied to a typical building envelope and also provides an overview of computational fluid dynamic (CFD) methods for providing more accurate detailed spatial blast load variations across the building envelope, including the effects of clearing, drag, shielding and channeling. These CFD methods can propagate either shock or blast waves and include negative phase loading.
Chapter 4:The design of blast-resistant structures requires the use of established design and construction practices as well as knowledge of the characteristics of the blast loading and the behavior of structures and their components under these loadings. Although all types of construction provide some level of blast resistance, there are some types of construction that are more appropriate than others. This chapter provides blast-resisting capacity ranges for various building types for typical vapor cloud explosions. Lower, Moderate, and large blast load capacities are assigned to each building type to provide a relative ranking compared to all building types. These blast resistance ranges give an idea regarding the practical upper bounds of each building type under blast loading. The actual blast-resisting capacity of a structure is greatly influenced by, but not limited to, the story height, connection design, openings along the perimeter, geometry, etc.
Chapter 5:Designing structures to resist the effects of accidental explosions at petrochemical plants requires a knowledge of the dynamic material properties of the structural components as well as the allowable responses of components and systems. This chapter provides dynamic material properties and response criteria necessary to design structures constructed of reinforced concrete, reinforced masonry, structural steel, cold-formed steel, and aluminum. It covers the static and dynamic properties of the materials used in these structures. Allowable response criteria are covered for both individual members and structural systems. The response of a material under static or dynamic load is governed by the stress-strain relationship. Finite element analysis (FEA) has become a commonly used tool for estimating structural damage under extreme dynamic loading. FEA provides significantly more response information, such as displacements and rotations, and stress and strain due to both flexure and shear, throughout the structural continuum.
Chapter 6: discusses various analysis methods for determining the dynamic response, or damage of structural members subjected to blast loading. To perform the dynamic analyses,it is necessary to have previously defined the load-time history as well as member properties such as structural capacity, stiffness, and mass. The design of new structures can involve several iterations of the analysis, where trial member sizes are used and the resulting response quantities are compared against the acceptance criteria. Several dynamic analysis methods are used for blast-resistant design ranging from hand calculations and graphical solutions to computer-based applications. One of the purposes of the chapter is to convey analysis methods that provide the necessary balance between sufficient accuracy and calculation approach. The basic analytical model used in a majority of blast design applications is the single degree of freedom system.
Chapter 7: discusses the design requirements for structural elements. The design approaches represent a Performance-Based Design procedure. The chapter discusses the general blast design concepts that apply to all structures and outlines a design sequence. It finally presents specific design methods for blast-resistant building construction. Unlike most static design procedures, dynamic design requires a trial-and-error approach. Only in the verification of shear capacities and in the design of support connections can member proportions be directly determined. For the dynamic analysis, the needed nonlinear response properties are determined from a trial section. Connections of structural steel members are generally designed to develop the full strength of the members. Design requirements corresponding to TMS 402/602 seismic criteria are used in blast blast-resistant design of masonry structures, with some minor adjustments. The design of welded connections between exterior panels and structural frame members should account for rebound structural response
Chapter 8:addresses blast-resistant considerations for doors, windows, and utility openings, and addresses special exterior and interior requirements. These considerations should be jointly addressed by the different discipline members of the building design team. A guiding principle is that the number of sizes of openings should be minimized. In cases where an opening is necessary, the covering (glazing, door panel, louver, etc.) should be designed to resist the applied load and be properly supported by the structure. In certain situations, it may be acceptable to allow the opening covering to fail but to remain attached to the structure so that it does not become debris. Propagation of the blast wave into the building should be closely evaluated for this approach to ensure adequate protection for building occupants is provided. Glazing performance may be determined through analytical methods or testing.
Chapter 9:discusses structural evaluation strategies and upgrade options for buildings at petrochemical plants subjected to potential blast hazards. If buildings do not have adequate blast resistance, their blast capacity can be increased with proven structural retrofits or upgrades that have been validated by open-air and shock tube testing and analysis. Several options are available to upgrade the blast capacity of an existing building. The choice of an upgrade option is generally based on the applied blast loads, characteristics of the existing structural component makeup, cost considerations, implementation approach around current operations, and building functionality requirements. Metal panel wall and roof systems consisting of corrugated metal panels and cold-formed wall girts and roof purlins are commonly used as exterior cladding. Choosing the most appropriate option to upgrade windows requires knowledge of the relationship between glass strength, blast loads, and the interior hazard from failed windows.
Example 1 discusses a sample blast design for a control building using reinforced concrete walls and a structural steel frame for vertical support. There are two blast load cases, one applied to the long side of the building, and the other applied to the short side. The explosion source and side-on overpressure are determined by others. Vertical loads are resisted by a structural steel frame. Lateral loads are resisted by the concrete roof diaphragm and by the side shear walls. The roof beam is connected to the roof slab to prevent separation during rebound. In this case, the connection is to be designed to prevent composite action between the roof slab and the roof beam. A static design approach using the peak reaction or ultimate resistance from the girders feeding into the columns is typically followed to check the adequacy of interior columns for blast
Example 2 provides a sample blast design for a building using metal cladding and a structural steel frame. In this example, blast loads and dynamic properties are computed on a unit area (i.e., pressure) basis. Blast loads are typically directly applied to a component over an appropriate tributary area, though an alternate method of using the dynamic reaction history from the supported member. The metal building cladding will fail in flexure at a low overpressure unless girt spacings are low. The roof deck spans continuously over the roof purlins. The worst-case span for deflection calculations is for the end bays with fixed-pinned boundary conditions. A multi-degree of freedom plane frame analysis program is used to determine the response of the frame to the blast loads applied over a tributary area. The structure is discretized into elements, and loads are applied to nodes.
Example 3 provides an example of the evaluation and retrofit of the masonry infill walls of an existing reinforced concrete framed building. The explosion magnitude and front wall blast load are determined by others. The chapter presents only the analysis of the exterior walls and upgrade options for those walls in detail in this example. Though unreinforced masonry is not recommended for blast design due to a lack of ductility, it is often encountered in existing buildings. For unreinforced masonry, flexure is based on the cracking strength of the masonry. For blast design, the reinforcement ratio should not approach that of a balanced condition as testing has shown that more ductility is available in reinforced masonry walls with lower reinforcement ratios. The analysis of the existing masonry wall revealed that the wall only provides a small percentage of the required resistance for the specified blast load.
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