今年年初,新冠肺炎疫情在世界范围内快速暴发。新冠肺炎感染性强,感染后的重型、危重型患者病死率高,尚无特效治疗方法。而细胞治疗作为一种新型治疗技术,在新冠肺炎的临床研究治疗中发挥了重要作用。
近日,《新型冠状病毒肺炎细胞治疗的关键策略和研究进展》在最新一期《中华细胞与干细胞杂志(电子版)》上刊登发表。文章从新型冠状病毒发病机理和细胞治疗的选择策略、MSC治疗冠状病毒的潜在机制及其治疗同类疾病的临床研究进展、针对COVID-19的细胞治疗临床研究现状以及细胞治疗在COVID-19临床研究中的难点几个方面,总结并分析了细胞治疗新型冠状病毒肺炎最新研究进展。
该文章由湖北省华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院血液科、国家干细胞工程产品产业化基地、中国人民解放军总医院第五医学中心感染病医学部、国家感染性疾病临床医学研究中心联合撰写。
论文原文
一、新型冠状病毒发病机理和细胞治疗的选择策略
如何根据COVID-19的临床指征特别是CSS和ARDS选择合适的细胞对COVID-19进行干预和治疗,可以从现有诊疗指南中得到一些启发[2]。诊疗指南中对于适用药物的探索开发主要基于如下两点:一方面可以"老药新用",如已获批上市且其在人体内的代谢特征、使用剂量、潜在疗效和副作用都明确的抗病毒药物。同理,可以从过往细胞治疗CSS、ARDS等有关疾病的临床治疗研究中筛选可行的细胞种类;另一方面,追本溯源,明确治疗机理,进行精确打击,例如洛匹那韦/利托那韦(lopinavir/ritonavir)和目前备受期待的瑞德西韦(remdesivir)等。不同细胞在病毒免疫中的角色大不相同,病毒侵入人体后,单核细胞、NK细胞是第一道防线,随后巨噬细胞吞噬病毒传递抗原,T细胞和B细胞被抗原分泌的细胞因子激活,对抗并清除感染细胞,使人体恢复正常。目前,国内外在细胞治疗冠状病毒肺炎领域主要聚焦在异体间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cell,MSC)和自然杀伤(nature killer,NK)细胞上。有文献报道,体外和动物实验均已验证,NK细胞对SARS、H5N1、埃博拉、寨卡、登革热和HIV等多种突发病毒感染疾病有很好的抑制和清除能力[18,19,20]。但还未见在临床试验中直接使用异体NK细胞治疗上述病毒性传染病,其主要风险在于无法确切控制可能产生的免疫排异反应和免疫过激反应。但脐带血来源的NK细胞由于细胞来源广泛,并且免疫原性较低,可能是潜在的主要候选之一[21]。(图1)
图1 不同细胞在新型冠状病毒肺炎不同阶段中的潜在治疗作用
二、MSC治疗冠状病毒的潜在机制及其治疗同类疾病的临床研究进展
(一)免疫功能正常化作用(normalization)
(二)支持修复作用
三、针对COVID-19的细胞治疗临床研究现状

表1 Clinicaltrials和ChiCTR注册的干细胞临床研究
四、细胞治疗在COVID-19临床研究中的难点
五、总结与展望
志谢 本文在此感谢张宇博士提供了重要的帮助和支持,并共同完成了本文的发表工作
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