2.8.4 Line Arrays(介绍线阵列的基本概念和性能特点、设计线阵列的关键因素:总阵列长度和单个设备间距优化方案)
它是由多个振动单元(通常是扬声器)沿一条直线排列而成的声音辐射系统。每个振动单元可以发出相同的声音信号,通过控制每个振动单元的相位和幅度,可以实现声束的形状和方向性的调节。
它是指将多个扬声器组合在一起以形成一个整体的声音辐射系统。这些扬声器通常按照特定的排列方式和几何形状进行布置,以实现更好的声场覆盖和均匀分布。
3 线阵列扬声器(Line array loudspeaker)
它是将多个扬声器按照线性排列方式组成的声音辐射系统。这种布置方式可以实现更强的定向性和声场控制,适用于大型音响系统和演出场所。
它是一个具有连续振动表面的声源,其振动方式可以用连续的分布函数来描述。与传统的点声源不同,线声源可以在空间上产生更加复杂和灵活的声场分布。
5 扬声器线声源(Line source loudspeaker)
它是扬声器沿一条直线排列的特殊类型的扬声器阵列。通过控制每个扬声器的相位和幅度,可以实现声束的调节和定向性的控制。
6 数字信号处理器/DSP(Digital Signal Processing)
它是指使用数字技术对信号进行采集、处理、分析和合成的技术和方法。它涉及将模拟信号转换为数字信号,并利用算法和数学技术对这些数字信号进行处理。它通过使用数字滤波器、傅里叶变换、快速算法等数学工具,可以对信号进行各种操作,如滤波、降噪、压缩、编码、解码、频谱分析等。与传统的模拟信号处理相比,它具有更高的灵活性、精确性和可靠性,适用于实时处理和非实时处理的应用。
7 数字声场处理器(Digital Sound Field Processor)
它是一种用于模拟和再现不同声场环境的音频处理设备。它通过应用信号处理算法和技术,以及利用扬声器布置和声学参数调节,模拟各种声场效果,例如音乐厅、电影院、体育场等。
8数字声音处理器(Digital Audio Processor)
它是指对数字音频信号进行处理和调节的设备或软件。它可以实现各种音频处理功能,如均衡、压缩、混响、延迟等,以改善音频质量、增强音效效果,或适应特定的播放环境和需求。
它是指在声音辐射范围之外出现的干涉效应导致的衰减区域。当声源或声音接收点位于离轴位置时,由于相位差和干涉效应,某些频率范围内的声音能量会被抵消或降低,从而形成一个或多个衰减区域。
它是指在声学阵列或扬声器系统中,主瓣以外的额外辐射区域。这些额外的辐射区域可能会导致声场分布不均匀,使得声音不完全集中在预期的方向上。
11 总阵列长度(Total array length)
它是指扬声器阵列中所有扬声器单元的累计长度或距离。
12 单个设备间距(Individual device spacing)
13 圆锥传声器(Cone transducer)
它是一种常见的扬声器驱动单元,通常由一个圆锥形振膜和驱动装置组成。它通过振动圆锥形振膜来产生声音,并将声音辐射到周围空间中。
(AI)它是指一种由多个扬声器单元垂直排列并紧密组合在一起的扬声器系统。声柱的外形类似于柱状物体,可以提供窄而长的声束,使声音更加定向且具有较长的投射距离。
(电声词典)声柱(Sound column,column loudspeaker):它由多个直射式扬声器排成一直线。其优点是结构简单,功率容易控制,指向性强,频率范围宽。声柱的垂直指向性用下面两式估算。
R(θ)=[sin(nπd*sinθ/λ)]/[nsin(πd*sinθ/λ)]
R(θ)=[sin(πl*sinθ/λ)]/[(πl*sinθ/λ)]
上式中:n为扬声器的数量;d为扬声器间的中心间距;l为声柱长度。
Another type of loudspeaker system is a line array. Although line arrays have much in common with other types of loudspeaker systems, they have some attributes that are unique enough to justify their separate treatment. A line array may form a complete full-range loudspeaker or one or more bands thereof. In a line array, individual radiators are arranged in a straight line or an arc segment. It is also possible for a number of complete loudspeaker systems to be configured as a line array. It is this configuration that has come into fashion in recent years. In the simplest form of line array, each of the elements—usually a small cone transducer—is supplied an identical full-range signal. This type of array, also called 音柱a sound column, was popular in this country through much of the 1970s and is still in common use in installed sound systems.
Recent developments in DSP technology, combined with the constant pressure on the touring concert reinforcement industry to minimize weight, blockage of audience sight lines by speakers, and truck space, have resulted in a resurgence of interest in line arrays. As attractive as some of their perceived performance characteristics may be, they have inherent limitations. First, the directivity attributes associated with line arrays are present in the vertical plane (along the length of the array) only. The horizontal directivity is only as good as the horizontal performance of the individual devices used to form the array. Secondly, line arrays invariably comprise discrete elements, as opposed to a continuous line source. This periodicity exacerbates problems with nulls and lobes, and it causes the off-axis impulse response of a line array to contain multiple discrete arrivals.
It is often incorrectly asserted that a line array behaves, or can behave, as a line source. A line source is largely a theoretical construct. It consists of a long, narrow radiator that radiates sound with perfect uniformity at every point on its surface. This assumption of perfect uniformity, while impossible to achieve in practice, simplifies the mathematics required to model the behavior of a line source. When used for illustrative purposes in texts, line sources may additionally be assumed to have infinite length, making possible even further simplification of the mathematical model. The same model has been employed in texts on electromagnetic theory, for the same reasons.
在音频领域中,线源(Line source)是指一个理想化的声源或扬声器阵列,其长度相对于波长非常长,可以视为无限长。这意味着声波在水平方向上以几乎平行的方式辐射,形成一个具有高度定向性的声束。
连续辐射(Continuous radiation)是指线源或线阵列在水平方向上存在连续且均匀的声压级分布。这意味着在水平平面上,从线源的一端到另一端,声压级保持相对恒定,不会出现明显的差异。
无限长度(Infinite length)指的是理想化的线源或线阵列在水平方向上的长度可视为无限长,即无论如何延伸,其特性不会改变。这种理想情况下的无限长度可以带来更加均匀和一致的声场分布效果。
对于线阵列设计,这些概念具有重要影响。通过实现线源的连续辐射和无限长度的理想特性,可以达到更好的声音定向性和均匀分布。这使得线阵列能够产生窄而长的声束,从而控制声音的投射方向和范围。此外,连续辐射和无限长度还有助于减小离轴衰减并提高声音的一致性。
然而,在实际应用中,由于物理约束和实际条件,完美的连续辐射和无限长度很难实现。因此,在设计线阵列时,需要根据实际情况进行合理折中,以达到更好的声音覆盖范围、投射距离和均匀性。
The two assumptions—continuous radiation and infinite length—lead to two interesting results. First, due to symmetry, the frequency response of an infinitely long, continuous line source is not a function of observation position along the line. For example, if the line is assumed to be coincident with the Z-axis in a cylindrical polar coordinate system, then its response will not vary with changes in the Z-coordinate of an observation position (i.e., for movement in a direction that is parallel to the line). Second, due to the infinite length of the source, the wave front (a collection of isophase points) will form a cylindrical, rather than a spherical, shape. For this reason, the intensity of radiation in the outward direction falls off as the inverse of the first, rather than the second, power of the distance from the line.
As interesting and attractive as the two above results may be, they are not achievable in any physically realizable array. The effects of radiation that is neither continuous nor uniform, and of finite array length, cannot be neglected in discussing the behavior of real-world systems. Unfortunately, these issues have been glossed over or completely ignored in the information that is provided regarding the performance of commercially available line array products.
Full-range line arrays characteristically have relatively narrow vertical radiation patterns. The details of these radiation patterns vary widely with frequency and typically contain undesirable off-axis nulls (deep response notches) and lobes (response peaks)(“off-axis nulls and lobes”是指在声学阵列或扬声器系统中,由于波束形成或方向性辐射导致的主瓣(main lobe)以外的副瓣(side lobe)或空白区域。). The same phenomena that produce off-axis response variations in a noncoaxial, multiway loudspeaker—interference caused by variations in the relative distances between multiple sources and the listener—create this directivity. At high frequencies, the angular separation between the first two nulls—and therefore the useful coverage angle—may be on the order of 5° or less.
A number of remedies to the problem associated with line arrays have been implemented over the past 50 years. There are two primary areas in which the line array intrinsically poses challenges to the designer: total array length and individual device spacing. Both must be addressed in order to produce a wellbehaved system.
总阵列长度(Total array length)和单个设备间距(Individual device spacing)在设计 Line Array 时非常重要,它们直接影响声音的定向性、覆盖范围和均匀性。
(1)总阵列长度:合适的总阵列长度可以确保线阵列在水平方向上具有所需的投射范围和定向性。较长的总阵列长度会产生更窄的声束,提供更远的投射距离,但可能导致垂直瓣效应和辐射不均匀性。较短的总阵列长度可能会限制投射距离,但有助于减小垂直瓣效应和提高均匀性。总阵列长度需要根据实际场地大小、声音目标传播距离以及预期的定向性要求进行合理选择。
(2)单个设备间距:适当的单个设备间距对于实现理想的声音分布和覆盖范围至关重要。较大的设备间距可以提供更窄且集中的声束,但可能在水平方向上产生断裂或不连续的声音分布。较小的设备间距可以提供更广泛的覆盖范围,但可能导致辐射角度过宽,影响定向性和投射距离。单个设备间距需要根据预期的声音分布、场地尺寸和定向性要求进行合理选择。
为使 line array 发挥最佳效果,具体的优化方案(仅供参考)如下:
(1)确定目标声音覆盖范围和投射距离,并考虑场地大小和形状。这将帮助确定适当的总阵列长度。
(2)考虑所需的定向性和投射角度。如果需要更窄的声束和更好的定向性,可以选择较长的总阵列长度和较大的设备间距。
(3)注意避免垂直瓣效应。设计中应注意总阵列长度和设备间距对垂直辐射模式的影响,以确保辐射均匀性和减小不必要的副瓣。
(4)进行模拟和实验测试。使用声学模拟软件和实际测试来评估不同的总阵列长度和设备间距配置,以找到最佳的组合。
(5)注意平衡各种因素。综合考虑声音覆盖范围、定向性、投射距离、均匀性和可行性等因素,寻求最佳的总阵列长度和设备间距配置。
One means to address the issue of total array length is to implement a tapered array. In this type of array, only the innermost elements carry the highest frequencies. The signals applied to the more outwardly placed elements in the array are low-pass filtered at successively lower frequencies. The goal of this approach is to make the effective length of the line array become shorter at higher frequencies. An alternative way of stating this goal is that one desires the ratio between the effective length of the array and the wavelength of sound to be invariant. With the ability via DSP processing to create filters of essentially arbitrary amplitude and phase response, it has become relatively straightforward to create tapered arrays.Additionally,the availability of frequency-independent delay makes lobe steering possible.
The matter of device spacing poses another set of challenges. The smaller the spacing can be made relative to wavelength, the better a line array can approximate the behavior of a continuous radiator. When device spacing becomes large relative to a wavelength—roughly in the range of a full wavelength—the offaxis response of the array will contain many lobes and nulls. It is likely that one or more of these off-axis lobes will approach the level of the on-axis radiation. When one considers the small wavelengths of the higher audible frequencies—the wavelength of 10 kHz is 34.4mm (1.35 inch)—the challenge of achieving optimal device spacing for higher frequencies becomes apparent. The continued reduction in size of motor assemblies through the use of high-powered magnetic materials has been helpful in addressing this issue.
《Electroacoustic Devices: Microphones and Loudspeakers》Edited by Glen Ballou
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2023年声学楼十八周年年会论坛报名工作火热进行中......
年会时间:
2023年12月16日(星期六)至12月17日(星期天)
年会地点:
深圳会展中心
深圳市福田区福华三路
年会费用:
早鸟票人民币 498元/人,截止时间:11月30日前
优惠票人民币 798元/人,截止时间:12月15日前
标准票人民币 998元/人,现场购票
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报名方式:
长按识别下方报名登记二维码(声学楼公微),提供姓名+工作单位+手机号码+报名人数给年会工作人员。等待报名确认后,工作人员将以电话、短信或微信方式通知报名联系人,并加入声学楼17周年年会技术交流群。
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szaacn@126.com
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联系方式:
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