En Route Low Altitude Charts Provide aeronautical information for en route instrumentnavigation (IFR)in the low altitude stratum. Information includes the portrayal ofairways, limits of controlledairspace, position identification and
frequenciesof radio aids, selected airports, minimum enroute and minimum obstructionclearance altitudes, airway
distances,reporting points, restricted areas, and relateddata. Area charts, which are apart of this series, furnish
terminaldata at a larger scale in congested areas.
Fahrenheit Atemperature scale where 32 degrees is the freezing point ofwater and 212degrees is the boiling point of
water.To convert Fahrenheit to Celsius: C = (5/9) * (F -32).
Final Approach Thatpart of an instrument approach procedure which commencesat the specified finalapproach fix or
point,or where such a fix or point is not specified, at theend of the last procedureturn, base turn or inbound turn of a
racetrackprocedure, if specified; or at the point ofinterception of the last trackspecified in the approach procedure;
andends at a point in the vicinity of an aerodrome fromwhich a landing can bemade; or a missed approach
procedureis initiated.
Fix Ageographical position determined by visual reference to thesurface, byreference to one or more radio NAVAIDs,
bycelestial plotting, or by another navigational device.
FlameoutAnemergency condition caused by the complete loss of turbineengine power.
Flight LevelAltitudesflown with the altimeter set to 29.92 inches Hg.Each is stated in three digitsthat represent
hundredsof feet. For example, flight level (FL) 250represents a barometric altimeterindication of 25,000 feet; FL 255,
anindication of 25,500 feet.
Flight Service Station (FSS) Air traffic facilities which provide pilot briefing, enroutecommunications and VFR search
andrescue services, assist lost aircraft and aircraft inemergency situations,relay ATC clearances, originate Notices to
Airmen,broadcast aviation weather and NAS information,receive and process IFR flightplans, and monitor NAVAIDs.
Inaddition, at selected locations, FSSs provide En RouteFlight Advisory Service(Flight Watch), take weather
observations,issue airport advisories, and advise Customsand Immigration of transborderflights.
Fluid Deicing/Anti-icing Methods: These are methods of using acceptable fluidsfor the removalof frozen
contaminationfrom an aircraft’s critical surfaces and thenfor preventing the formationand/or accumulation of
contaminationon an aircraft for a limited period of time.The details are contained in TheSociety of Automotive
Engineers(SAE) document ARP4737, entitled: “Aircraftdeicing/anti-icing Methods”.
Fluid DryoutFluidresidue that may remain in aerodynamically quiet areasthroughout a flight.
Fluid Endurance Time Endurance times of anti-icing fluids are measured inlaboratory and fieldtests under specific
contaminationand temperature conditions using flat testplates in accordance with the SAEdocuments AMS 1424 &
AMS1428. These tests are considered to replicate the failureof fluid duringaircraft operations.
FluidFailure.
Typically,in the case of snow, a layer of snow eventuallyaccumulates on the surface ofthe fluid and is no
longerbeing absorbed by the fluid. The appearance of a buildup becomes evident.There is a distinct loss of shine or
glosson the surface of the fluid.
Fluid FailureTypically,in the case of snow, a layer of snow eventuallyaccumulates on the surface of thefluid and is no
longerbeing absorbed by the fluid. The appearance of a buildup becomes evident.There is a distinct loss of shine or
glosson the surface of the fluid. In the case of freezingprecipitation, usuallyonly a reduction in shine or gloss on the
surfaceresults, and it is particularly difficult to detect.
Forced Air Deicing MethodThis is a method of deicing using a concentrated flow of airunderpressure to remove
contaminationfrom an aircraft, which may be used inconjunction with deicing fluids.
Foreign Object Damage (FOD) Term used to describe damage done to an aircraft due tocollision withsmall foreign
objects.
Freezing DrizzleFairly uniform precipitation composed exclusively of finedrops (diameterless than 0.5 mm [0.02in])
veryclose together which freezes upon impact with the groundor other exposedobjects.
Freezing Fog Asuspension of numerous minute water droplets which freezesupon impact withground or other
exposedobjects, generally reducing the horizontal visibilityat the earth's surface toless than 1 km (5/8 mile).
Freezing Level Asused in aviation forecasts, the altitude (in feet MSL) atwhich water freezes.
Freezing Rain: Dropletsof rain that freeze immediately on contact withstructures or vehicles.
Freezing Point Depressant (FPD) Fluids The generic term applied to all types ofdeicing fluids.
Front Aboundary between air masses of different temperatures andmoisture.
Frost/Hoar FrostIce crystals that form from ice saturated air saturated withvapor attemperatures below 0°C (32°F) by
directsublimationdeposition on the ground or other exposedobjects.
Frozen Contaminants: Frozen contaminants include light freezing rain, freezingrain, freezingdrizzle, frost, ice, ice
pellets,snow, snow grains, and slush.
Fuel Remaining Aphrase used by either pilots or controllers when relatingto the fuel remainingon board until actual
fuelexhaustion. When transmitting such information inresponse to either acontroller question or pilot initiated
cautionaryadvisory to air traffic control, pilots will statethe APPROXIMATE NUMBER OFMINUTES the flight can
continuewith the fuel remaining. All reserve fuel SHOULD BEINCLUDED in the timestated, as should an allowance
forestablished fuel gauge system error.
Ground Ice Detection System (GIDS): A system designed to detect frozen contaminantson anaircraft. These systems
canbe either ground based or aircraft based systems. GIDSmay be either a spotsensor or an area sensor system. If
approvedby TransportCanada,such a system may be used as analternative to other inspection methods.
Ground Icing: Structuralicing that occurs on an aircraft on the ground,usually produced by snow orfrost.
GroundIcing Conditions: With due regard to aircraft skintemperature and weatherconditions, ground icing conditions
existwhen frost, ice, or snow is adhering or may adhere tothe critical surfaces ofan aircraft. Ground Icing Conditions
alsoexist when active frost, frozen or freezingprecipitation is reported orobserved.
Ground Icing Operations Program: A Ground Icing Operations Program consists of aset ofprocedures, guidelines,
andprocesses, documented in manuals, which ensure that anAir Operator’s aircraftdoes not depart with frost, ice,
snowor slush adhering to critical surfaces. This program ismandatory for CAR 705operations and must be approved
byTransportCanada.
Ground Speed: Thespeed of an aircraft relative to the surface of theearth.
Hail: Precipitationconsisting of small balls or pieces of ice witha diameter ranging from 5 mm togreater than 50 mm
fallingeither separately or agglomerated.
High (Pressure System): Area of high pressure completely surrounded by lowerpressure.
High Humidity Endurance Test (HHET): A laboratory test that measures endurance timeof anti-icingfluid under
conditionsof high humidity. This test is intended tosimulate frost conditions.
Hoarfrost: Auniform, thin white deposit of fine crystalline texturethat forms on exposedsurfaces during calm,
cloudlessnights when the temperature falls below freezingand the humidity of the air atthe surface is close to the
saturationpoint. It is not associated with precipitation.The deposit is thin enough thatthe underlying surface features,
suchas paint lines, markings or lettering can bedistinguished.
Holdover Time (HOT): Holdover time is the estimated time that an application ofanti-icingfluid is effective in
preventingfrost, ice, slush or snow from adhering to treatedsurfaces. Holdover time iscalculated as the beginning with
thefinal application of the anti-icing fluid, and asexpiring when the fluid is nolonger effective, as measured in
endurancetime tests and published in “Holdover TimeGuidelines”.
Holdover Time Guidelines: Holdover Time Tables are referred to as Holdover TimeGuidelines becausethis term
moreappropriately represents their function in providingguidance to flight crewand the need for the flight crew to use
judgmentin their interpretation.
Fluidholdover times, as published by , Commercial andBusiness Aviation, TransportCanada are found
publishedin “Holdover Time Guidelines” as tables and may beused either as guidelines ordecision-making criteria in
assessingwhether it is safe to take off. When holdover timesare used as decision-makingcriteria, only the lowest time
valuein a cell shall be used. The procedures to be followedafter the holdover timehas expired must be clearly
documented.The use of holdover time guidelines is mandatoryif they are part of the AirOperator’s approved ground
icingprogram.
Hold Procedure: A predetermined maneuver that keeps aircraft within aspecified airspacewhile awaiting further
clearancefrom air traffic control. Also used during groundoperations to keep aircraftwithin a specified area or at a
specifiedpoint while awaiting further clearance from airtraffic control.
Holding Fix: Aspecified fix identifiable to a pilot by NAVAIDs or visualreference to theground used as a reference
pointin establishing and maintaining the position of anaircraft while holding.
Horizontal Extent: The horizontal distance of an icing encounter. Generally,icing encountersin stratus clouds have a
greaterhorizontal extent than in cumulous clouds.
Ice: Thesolid form of water. Clear Ice is often difficult todetect visually on anaircraft’s critical surfaces. It can be
presentin a transparent form, which may make the aircraft’scritical surfaces appearto be wet.
Ice Bridging: A mythfor modern equipment. The concern was that ice wouldform a sheath at theinflated extent of the
boot,and remain there. Subsequent boot cycles would beunable to remove this ice.Bridging may have occurred with
veryearly boot technology that had wide tubes and slowinflation/deflation rates.However, there is no evidence that
modernpneumatic boots have ever had this problem.
Icehouse: Aspecially equipped control center, located within a CentralDeicing Facility,to control and monitor all
operationsassociated with the facility.
Ice Pellets: Theseare a type of precipitation consisting of transparentor translucent pellets ofice, 5 mm or less in
diameter.They may be spherical, irregular, or (rarely)conical in shape. Ice pelletsusually bounce when hitting hard
ground,and make a sound upon impact.
Ice Protection Equipment: Equipment used to remove and/or prevent the accretion of iceon anaircraft. You are
guaranteedthat the equipment has been demonstrated toprovide adequate ice protectiononly if the aircraft is certified
forflight into known icing conditions. Some ice protectionequipment has only beendemonstrated to be airworthy and
notdemonstrated to provide adequate ice protection.
Icing Intensity: See Trace Icing, Light Icing, Moderate Icing, or SevereIcing.
Icing Types: SeeClear (or glaze) Ice, Mixed Ice, or Rime Ice.
Indicated Airspeed: The speed shown on the aircraft airspeed indicator. This isthe speed usedin pilot/controller
communicationsunder the general term "airspeed."
Indicated Altitude: The altitude as shown by an altimeter. On a pressure orbarometricaltimeter it is altitude as shown
uncorrectedfor instrument error and uncompensated forvariation from standard atmosphericconditions.
Infrared Heat Deicing Method: A method of deicing using infrared (IR) thermalenergy.
Instrument Approach Procedures (IAP)Charts: Portrays theaeronautical data which isrequired to execute an
instrumentapproach to an airport. These charts depict theprocedures, including allrelated data, and the airport
diagram.Each procedure is designated for use with a specifictype of electronicnavigation system including NDB,
TACAN,VOR, ILS/MLS, and RNAV. These charts are identified bythe type of navigationalaid(s) that provide final
approachguidance.
Instrument Departure Procedure (DP)Charts: Designed toexpedite clearance delivery and tofacilitate transition
betweentakeoff and en route operations. Each DP is presentedas a separate chart andmay serve a single airport or
morethan one airport in a given geographical location.
Instrument Flight Rules (IFR): FARs that govern flight in instrumentmeteorologicconditions-flight by reference to
aircraftinstruments.
Instrument Meteorological Conditions: Meteorological conditions expressed in terms ofvisibility,distance from cloud,
andceiling less than the minima specified for visualmeteorological conditions.
Intercycle Ice: Ice that consists of Residual Ice, plus ice accreted betweenboot cycles.
Inversion: Atmosphericcondition where temperature increases withaltitude.
Jet Stream: Amigrating stream of high-speed winds present at highaltitudes.
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