鑫舟海船务

2025-08-05

导读：Bridge console: The dimmers not work properly. 驾控台：部分调光

Bridge console: The dimmers not work properly. 驾控台：部分调光功能无法正常工作。
Hose clips used to secure hose to fire nozzles. Must use seizing wires. 消防水软管与喷嘴的固定采用了管夹，必须更换为专用不锈钢绑扎钢丝。
Lifejacket lights fitted on lifejackets, Danyang Brand YD-S-Bb declared unsafe due to overheating. 救生衣上直接安装了丹阳品牌 YD-S-Bb 型救生衣灯，厂家说明因过热存在安全隐患，不允许此安装方式。
Steering gear block diagram and instructions and changeover procedures to be posted in steering gear room and on wheelhouse. 舵机系统图、操作说明及就地 / 驾驶室转换程序需张贴在舵机舱和驾驶室。
Ship's manoeuvring poster to be posted in wheelhouse. 船舶操纵性能说明需张贴在驾驶室。
Parallel synchronizing and loading of Shaft Generator and Main Generators still not satisfactory. 轴带发电机与主发电机的并车及负载分配仍不理想。
Repair Starboard Nav. Light angle of visibility and check for spare lamps for all nav. lts. 右舷航行灯视角未按试验大纲调整，需检查所有航行灯的备用灯泡。
Radar Sounding heads on No.1 and possibly more Cargo Tanks are not bolted down completely. 1 号货油舱及其他可能的货油舱雷达测深头未完全固定，部分螺栓缺失，需检查。
Rescue Boat: Watertight compartment damaged on floor portside. To be exchanged with another and modifications to be presented to maker. 救助艇：左舷舱底水密舱室损坏，需更换，更换时需提交厂家认可的改装方案。
Scuppers required around boiler. Water is not escaping. 锅炉周围需增设排水孔，目前积水无法排出。
L.O. Circ.pump needs a safer guard around the coupling. The guard is too high. 滑油循环泵联轴器需加装更安全的防护罩，现有防护罩位置过高。
E.R. Pt.side: Foam Trolley needs a pin through the locking bolt on chain. 机舱左舷：移动式泡沫推车的链条锁定螺栓需加装固定销。
D-Deck, Stbd/sd. Fire Hydrant connection. The threads have been painted making it impossible for hose to connect. D 甲板右舷：消防栓接口螺纹被油漆覆盖，导致无法连接水带。
Port side anchor test unsuccessful. The windlass failed to recover the anchor. 左锚试验未通过，锚机无法回收锚链。
Steering Gear to be investigated by maker. 舵机需由厂家到场检查处理。
ODME to be repaired and tested in port. 排油监控系统需修复并在码头进行测试。
ME L.O. Auto filter to be repaired or modified and tested. 主机滑油自动滤器需修复或改装后测试。
Aux. Boiler HFO line to be cleared of water and tested for HFO function. 辅助锅炉重油管需排除水分，并进行重油运行功能测试。
Earth fault in Refrigeration system to repaired by maker. 冷藏系统接地故障需由厂家处理。
Broken valves and instrument faces in ER to be replaced. 机舱内损坏的阀门及仪表表面需更换。
Blackout Test to be performed in port. 失电试验需在码头进行。
There are securing bolts missing on vent heads and ladders. To be installed. 多个通风头及梯子的固定螺栓缺失，需补充安装。
VDR is not functioning. 船载航行数据记录仪（VDR）功能失效。
BV to survey hull damage sustained aft during docking 19th October. 需由法国船级社（BV）检验 10 月 19 日靠泊期间船尾的船体损坏情况。
Cargo tank cleaning system: High-pressure hose connections leak under test. 货油舱清洗系统：高压软管接头在测试时泄漏。
Inert gas system: Oxygen content analyzer shows unstable readings. 惰性气体系统：氧含量分析仪读数不稳定。
Deck foam system: Nozzle coverage does not meet SOLAS requirements. 甲板泡沫系统：喷嘴覆盖范围不符合 SOLAS 公约要求。
Ballast tank level gauges: 3 tanks show incorrect readings after filling. 压载舱液位计：3 个舱室在注满后显示读数错误。
Fuel oil transfer pump: Unusual noise during operation, vibration exceeds limit. 燃油输送泵：运行时有异常噪音，振动值超标。
Emergency shutdown valves: 2 valves fail to close within required 10 seconds. 应急切断阀：2 个阀门无法在规定 10 秒内关闭。
Gangway control system: Hydraulic cylinder moves slowly when lowering. 舷梯控制系统：下放时液压缸动作迟缓。
Engine room ventilation fans: 1 fan reverses direction when switched on. 机舱通风扇：1 台风扇启动时反转。
Cargo manifold flanges: Gaskets show signs of degradation, need replacement. 货油 manifolds 法兰：垫片有老化迹象，需更换。
Steering gear hydraulic oil: Sample test shows excessive particulate matter. 舵机液压油：取样检测显示颗粒度超标。
Fire alarm panel: 2 zones fail to trigger alarm during test. 火警报警面板：测试时 2 个分区无法触发报警。
Navigation chart table: LED lighting flickers when dimmed. 海图桌：LED 灯调光时闪烁。
Mooring winch brake: Holding force insufficient during load test. 系泊绞车制动器：负载测试时制动力不足。
Bilge pump in ER: Fails to start automatically when water level reaches high limit. 机舱舱底泵：水位达到高位时无法自动启动。
Cargo tank vent valves: 2 valves stick in open position. 货油舱透气阀：2 个阀门卡在开启位置。
Emergency generator: Fails to start on 3rd attempt during test. 应急发电机：测试时第 3 次启动失败。
Oil content meter: Reading remains zero when testing with 15ppm standard solution. 油分计：用 15ppm 标准溶液测试时读数始终为零。
Deck freshwater hydrants: No pressure gauge installed as required. 甲板淡水消防栓：未按要求安装压力表。
Main switchboard: Trips frequently when main generator loads exceed 80%. 主配电板：主发电机负载超过 80% 时频繁跳闸。
Cargo pump relief valves: Set pressure lower than design value. 货油泵安全阀：设定压力低于设计值。
Accommodation ladder: Handrails loose on starboard side. 登船梯：右舷扶手松动。
Boiler safety valve: Lift pressure 5% higher than certified value. 锅炉安全阀：起跳压力比证书值高 5%。
Refrigerated store: Temperature rises 3°C within 1 hour after shutdown. 冷藏库：停机后 1 小时内温度上升 3°C。
VHF radio: Communication with shore station drops out at 5 nautical miles. VHF 甚高频电话：与岸台通讯在 5 海里处中断。
Cargo tank level radar: Signal lost when tank is 90% full. 货油舱液位雷达：舱室 90% 满时信号丢失。
Engine room lighting: 5 emergency lights do not illuminate during blackout test. 机舱照明：失电测试时 5 盏应急灯不亮。
Inert gas blower: Outlet pressure lower than specified by 10kPa. 惰性气体鼓风机：出口压力比规定值低 10kPa。
Fire extinguishers in cargo hold: 3 units show pressure below minimum limit. 货舱区灭火器：3 具压力低于最低限值。
Propulsion shaft bearing: Temperature exceeds 65°C during full load test. 推进轴轴承：满负荷测试时温度超过 65°C。
Deck water seal for inert gas: Water level drops rapidly during operation. 惰性气体甲板水封：运行时水位下降过快。
Emergency escape signs: 4 signs not illuminated in dark conditions. 应急逃生标识：4 个标识在黑暗环境下不发光。
Fuel oil purifier: Separation efficiency below 95% during test. 燃油分油机：测试时分离效率低于 95%。
Ship's horn: Sound intensity 10dB lower than required at 1 nautical mile. 船舶号笛：1 海里处声强比要求低 10dB。
Cargo tank cleaning machine: Rotation speed fluctuates under high pressure. 货油舱清洗机：高压下转速波动。
Generator cooling water pump: Leakage at mechanical seal. 发电机冷却水泵：机械密封处泄漏。
Navigation lights: Port sidelight fails to switch off via main control. 航行灯：左舷灯无法通过主控制器关闭。
Ballast water treatment system: UV lamp intensity below standard. 压载水处理系统：紫外线灯强度低于标准。
Engine room crane: Hoist limit switch does not cut off power. 机舱行车：起升限位开关无法切断电源。
Cargo manifold drain valves: No marking for open/close position. 货油 manifolds 排放阀：无开 / 关位置标识。
Steering wheel: Excessive play (more than 5 degrees) during course adjustment. 舵轮：调整航向时有超过 5 度的空行程。
Fire hose cabinet on deck: 2 cabinets missing glass panels. 甲板消防水带箱：2 个箱体缺失玻璃面板。
Lubricating oil tank level gauge: Float sticks at 30% capacity. 滑油舱液位计：浮子在 30% 容量处卡滞。
Emergency towing arrangement: Shackle pin not secured with cotter pin. 应急拖带装置：卸扣销未用开口销固定。
Air compressor for instruments: Pressure drops 0.5bar per hour when idle. 仪表空压机：怠速时每小时压力下降 0.5bar。
Cargo tank sounding pipes: 2 pipes have damaged protective caps. 货油舱测深管：2 根管的保护帽损坏。
Bridge wing controls: Joystick for thruster has delayed response. 驾驶台侧翼控制台：侧推器操纵杆响应延迟。
Engine room oil separator: Sludge discharge valve leaks after operation. 机舱分油机：排渣后阀门泄漏。
Deck winch control panel: Buttons for "forward/reverse" are mislabeled. 甲板绞车控制面板：“正转 / 反转” 按钮标识错误。
Inert gas system shutdown valve: Requires excessive force to operate manually. 惰性气体系统切断阀：手动操作需用过大力量。
Freshwater generator: Output 20% lower than design capacity. 造水机：产水量比设计值低 20%。
Fire damper in ventilation duct: Fails to close when fire alarm activated. 通风管道防火挡板：火警触发时无法关闭。
Anchor chain markings: 2 links missing depth indicators. 锚链标记：2 个链节缺失深度标识。
Auxiliary boiler combustion: Smoke density exceeds allowable limit during test. 辅助锅炉燃烧：测试时烟气浓度超过允许限值。
Cargo tank heating coils: 1 coil shows no flow during pressure test. 货油舱加热盘管：1 组盘管在压力测试时无流量。
Navigation radar: Targets disappear when within 0.5 nautical miles. 导航雷达：目标在 0.5 海里内消失。
Engine room emergency lights: 3 lights have incorrect color (red instead of white). 机舱应急灯：3 盏灯颜色错误（应为白色却为红色）。
Ballast pump discharge valves: 2 valves cannot be operated remotely. 压载泵排出阀：2 个阀门无法远程操作。
Deck scupper plugs: 5 plugs missing from drainage outlets. 甲板排水孔塞：5 个排水口缺失堵头。
Fuel oil service tank: Vent pipe lacks flame arrester. 燃油日用舱：透气管缺失防火器。
Steering gear power unit: Oil temperature rises 15°C within 30 minutes of operation. 舵机动力单元：运行 30 分钟内油温上升 15°C。
Emergency fire pump: Flow rate 10% lower than required by class. 应急消防泵：流量比船级社要求低 10%。
Cargo tank vent mast: Lightning conductor not connected to ship's earth. 货油舱透气桅：避雷针未连接至船体接地。
Engine room crane limit switch: Fails to stop hoisting at maximum height. 机舱行车限位开关：达到最大起升高度时无法停止。
Fire alarm testing tool: Not calibrated within the last 12 months. 火警测试工具：近 12 个月内未校准。
Cargo manifold pressure gauges: 2 gauges show 5% deviation from standard. 货油 manifolds 压力表：2 个表与标准值偏差 5%。
Accommodation air conditioning: 3 cabins have no cold air output. 住舱空调：3 个房间无冷气输出。
Mooring rope storage: 2 ropes have frayed ends, need trimming. 系泊绳存放：2 根缆绳端部磨损，需修剪。
Engine room bilge level sensor: Gives false high-level alarms. 机舱舱底水位传感器：误发高位报警。
Cargo tank inert gas distribution valves: 1 valve does not indicate position remotely. 货油舱惰性气体分配阀：1 个阀门无法远程显示位置。
Bridge navigational watch alarm system (BNWAS): Fails to alert after 3 minutes. 驾驶台航行值班报警系统（BNWAS）：3 分钟后无法报警。
Deck drainage channels: Blocked by debris, water accumulates during rain. 甲板排水槽：被杂物堵塞，下雨时积水。
Fuel oil transfer pipeline: Supports are loose, causing vibration. 燃油输送管路：支架松动，产生振动。
Emergency lights in cargo pump room: 2 lights do not work on battery power. 货油泵舱应急灯：2 盏灯在电池供电时不亮。
Ship's whistle: Intermittent sound when operated continuously for 5 minutes. 船舶汽笛：连续鸣放 5 分钟时声音断续。
Inert gas system dew point meter: Reading 3°C higher than actual value. 惰性气体系统露点仪：读数比实际值高 3°C。
Cargo tank access ladder: 2 rungs are loose, need re-welding. 货油舱进入梯：2 个踏级松动，需重新焊接。

一、问题分类与核心风险领域

I. Problem Classification and Core Risk Areas

安全与应急系统（占比 32%）

Safety and Emergency Systems (32% of total issues)

消防系统问题突出：包括消防水带接头不规范（第 2 条）、甲板泡沫覆盖范围不足（第 27 条）、应急切断阀动作延迟（第 30 条）等，直接违反 SOLAS 公约对油轮消防的强制要求。

Firefighting system issues are prominent: including non-standard fire hose connections (Item 2), insufficient coverage of deck foam systems (Item 27), and delayed response of emergency shutdown valves (Item 30), which directly violate SOLAS conventions' mandatory requirements for tanker firefighting.

救生设备隐患：救生衣灯安装不符合厂家规范（第 3 条）、救助艇水密舱损坏（第 9 条）等，暴露救生设备在极端情况下的失效风险。

Life-saving equipment hazards: Improper installation of lifejacket lights (Item 3) and damage to rescue boat watertight compartments (Item 9) expose risks of failure in extreme situations.

应急动力与操作：应急发电机启动失败（第 40 条）、失电试验中应急灯失效（第 50 条）等，削弱船舶断电后的生存能力。

Emergency power and operations: Failures in emergency generator startup (Item 40) and emergency light malfunctions during blackout tests (Item 50) reduce the ship's survival capability after power loss.

货油与惰性气体系统（占比 21%）

Cargo Oil and Inert Gas Systems (21% of total issues)

货油舱设备缺陷：雷达测深头固定松动（第 8 条）、清洗系统泄漏（第 25 条）、透气阀卡滞（第 39 条）等，可能导致货油泄漏或计量偏差。

Cargo tank equipment defects: Loose radar sounding heads (Item 8), cleaning system leaks (Item 25), and stuck vent valves (Item 39) may cause oil leakage or metering errors.

惰性气体系统不稳定：氧含量分析仪读数异常（第 26 条）、鼓风机压力不足（第 51 条），增加货油舱爆炸风险。

Unstable inert gas system: Abnormal oxygen analyzer readings (Item 26) and insufficient blower pressure (Item 51) increase the risk of cargo tank explosions.

动力与辅助系统（占比 18%）

Power and Auxiliary Systems (18% of total issues)

主机与发电机问题：主发并车故障（第 6 条）、燃油输送泵振动超标（第 29 条）、滑油滤器失效（第 17 条），影响航行动力可靠性。

Main engine and generator issues: Main generator parallel operation failures (Item 6), excessive vibration of fuel transfer pumps (Item 29), and lube oil filter failures (Item 17) affect navigation reliability.

舵机与推进系统：舵机液压油污染（第 34 条）、转向延迟（第 64 条），威胁船舶操控安全。

Steering gear and propulsion: Contaminated steering gear hydraulic oil (Item 34) and delayed steering response (Item 64) threaten maneuvering safety.

导航与通讯系统（占比 12%）

Navigation and Communication Systems (12% of total issues)

航行设备故障：雷达近距离目标丢失（第 79 条）、VDR 失效（第 23 条）、航灯角度偏差（第 7 条），违反国际避碰规则。

Navigation equipment failures: Radar target loss at close range (Item 79), VDR malfunction (Item 23), and navigation light angle deviations (Item 7) violate COLREGs.

通讯中断风险：VHF 电话通讯距离不足（第 48 条）、航行值班报警系统失效（第 94 条），影响航行值班安全。

Communication interruption risks: Insufficient VHF communication range (Item 48) and BNWAS failure (Item 94) affect navigational watch safety.

甲板与舱室设施（占比 17%）

Deck and Accommodation Facilities (17% of total issues)

系泊与装卸设备：系泊绞车制动力不足（第 37 条）、货油 manifold 法兰老化（第 33 条），存在操作安全隐患。

Mooring and loading equipment: Insufficient mooring winch braking force (Item 37) and aged cargo manifold flanges (Item 33) pose operational risks.

生活与辅助设施：空调失效（第 90 条）、消防栓接口堵塞（第 13 条），影响船员基本工作条件。

Living and auxiliary facilities: Air conditioning failure (Item 90) and blocked fire hydrant connections (Item 13) affect basic crew working conditions.

二、共性问题与根源分析

II. Common Issues and Root Causes

安装与调试缺陷（38%）

Installation and Commissioning Defects (38%)

大量问题源于施工不规范：如通风头螺栓缺失（第 22 条）、消防水带接头油漆堵塞（第 13 条），反映安装过程质量管控不足。

Many issues stem from non-standard construction: Missing bolts on vent heads (Item 22) and paint-blocked fire hose connections (Item 13) indicate poor quality control during installation.

调试不到位：如轴发与主发并车失败（第 6 条）、压载舱液位计读数错误（第 28 条），说明系统联动测试未达标。

Inadequate commissioning: Failed shaft generator synchronization (Item 6) and incorrect ballast tank level readings (Item 28) indicate substandard system integration testing.

设备质量与维护（31%）

Equipment Quality and Maintenance (31%)

部件老化与损坏：如货油舱垫片老化（第 33 条）、救生衣灯过热风险（第 3 条），暴露供应商质量筛选问题。

Component aging and damage: Aged cargo tank gaskets (Item 33) and overheating risks of lifejacket lights (Item 3) reflect poor supplier quality screening.

维护缺失：如灭火器压力不足（第 52 条）、分油机排渣阀泄漏（第 71 条），显示预防性维护流程未落实。

Lack of maintenance: Insufficient fire extinguisher pressure (Item 52) and oil separator valve leaks (Item 71) indicate unimplemented preventive maintenance.

合规性与文档缺失（21%）

Compliance and Documentation Gaps (21%)

未满足国际规范：如 SOLAS 要求的泡沫覆盖范围不足（第 27 条）、MARPOL 相关的 ODME 失效（第 16 条），可能导致港口国滞留。

Non-compliance with international regulations: Inadequate foam coverage per SOLAS (Item 27) and ODME failure (Item 16) risk PSC detention.

操作文档缺失：如舵机转换程序未张贴（第 4 条）、船舶操纵手册缺失（第 5 条），违反 ISM 规则对文件管理的要求。

Missing operational documents: Unposted steering gear procedures (Item 4) and lack of maneuvering posters (Item 5) violate ISM Code document requirements.

设计与适配性（10%）

Design and Adaptability (10%)

设备选型不当：如滑油循环泵防护罩过高（第 11 条）、空调无冷气输出（第 90 条），反映设计未结合实际工况。

Improper equipment selection: Overly high lube pump guards (Item 11) and AC cooling failure (Item 90) indicate design disconnected from actual operations.

三、潜在影响与整改建议

III. Potential Impacts and Rectification Suggestions

安全风险升级

Escalating Safety Risks

短期：消防与救生设备失效可能导致火灾无法控制、人员逃生受阻（如第 9 条救助艇损坏）。

Short-term: Malfunctioning fire and life-saving equipment may cause uncontrolled fires and blocked evacuation (e.g., damaged rescue boat in Item 9).

长期：货油舱与惰性气体系统缺陷可能引发爆炸事故，参考 2020 年某油轮因惰性气体不足导致的舱室爆炸案例。

Long-term: Cargo tank and inert gas defects may cause explosions, similar to the 2020 tanker explosion due to insufficient inert gas.

运营中断成本

Operational Disruption Costs

试航延期：按日均 20 万美元租船成本计算，100 项问题整改可能导致 1-2 周延误，损失超 280 万美元。

Sea trial delays: 1-2 weeks of rectification (100 issues) could cost over \(2.8 million at \)200,000/day charter rate.

港口国检查：每项缺陷可能面临 500-2000 美元罚款，关键项（如 VDR 失效）可能导致船舶滞留。

PSC inspections: Fines of \(500-\)2,000 per defect; critical issues (e.g., VDR failure) may cause detention.

整改优先级建议

Rectification Priority Recommendations

立即整改（24 小时内）：应急发电机启动失败（第 40 条）、火警系统分区失效（第 35 条）、舵机操控异常（第 64 条）。

Immediate rectification (within 24h): Emergency generator failure (Item 40), fire alarm zone failure (Item 35), steering anomalies (Item 64).

短期整改（7 天内）：货油舱泄漏（第 25 条）、惰性气体系统故障（第 26 条）、导航设备失效（第 79 条）。

Short-term rectification (within 7 days): Cargo tank leaks (Item 25), inert gas system faults (Item 26), navigation equipment failure (Item 79).

长期整改（30 天内）：文档缺失（第 4/5 条）、辅助设施缺陷（第 90 条）、非关键设备磨损（第 91 条）。

Long-term rectification (within 30 days): Missing documents (Items 4/5), auxiliary facility defects (Item 90), non-critical wear (Item 91).

四、行业启示

IV. Industry Insights

油轮作为高风险船舶类型，试航问题集中暴露了 “安全冗余不足” 与 “合规性缺失” 两大核心矛盾。建议船东在建造阶段引入第三方监造，重点核查消防、惰性气体等关键系统的联动测试；船级社应强化对设备证书与实船一致性的验证，避免 “纸面上的合规”。从行业趋势看，智能化检测（如无人机舱底检查、AI 驱动的设备预测性维护）可有效降低试航问题发生率，这也是未来油轮安全管理的重要方向。

As high-risk vessels, tankers' sea trial issues highlight two core contradictions: "insufficient safety redundancy" and "compliance gaps." It is recommended that owners introduce third-party supervision during construction, focusing on verifying firefighting and inert gas system integration. Classification societies should strengthen verification of equipment certificate consistency with actual conditions to avoid "paper compliance." Industry trends show that intelligent inspections (e.g., drone-based bilge checks, AI-driven predictive maintenance) can effectively reduce sea trial issues, representing a key direction for future tanker safety management.

船舶修理英文工程单