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综述丨吴铮浩/罗蒙:慢加急性肝衰竭潜在治疗药物的临床研究进展

综述丨吴铮浩/罗蒙:慢加急性肝衰竭潜在治疗药物的临床研究进展 国际肝病
2023-12-16
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引用本文

吴铮浩, 郑磊, 罗蒙. 慢加急性肝衰竭潜在治疗药物的临床研究进展 [J] . 中华肝脏病杂志, 2023, 31(10) : 1117-1120. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501113-20220625-00349.

慢加急性肝衰竭(ACLF)是一种在慢性肝病基础上由急性肝损伤诱发的肝衰竭,其病死率高,预后差。目前肝移植仍是ACLF的最佳治疗手段,但因为ACLF病程发展迅速、并发症严重及肝源紧缺,成功实施肝移植的患者有限。通过拓展临床现有药物的适应证及探索ACLF相关发病机制,药物治疗有望通过改善门静脉压力、抑制过度炎症反应、纠正能量代谢紊乱、减轻氧化应激、对抗肝细胞凋亡及促进肝脏再生等途径,延缓ACLF的病程发展、减少并发症,并为患者争取肝移植机会。






慢加急性肝衰竭(acute-on-chronic liver failure, ACLF)目前药物治疗包括抗肝炎病毒、抑制炎症、抗感染、补充白蛋白等。肝移植被证明对ACLF患者安全有效,且生存率高于单纯药物治疗,现在仍是ACLF最佳治疗手段[1]。然而最终仅有不足25%的ACLF患者成功实施肝移植[2]

近年来,部分在研或临床现有药物被认为具有治疗ACLF的潜在作用。药物治疗或有望通过纠正病因、延缓疾病进展和减少严重并发症等,为患者争取肝移植机会。本文就ACLF潜在治疗药物的临床研究进展进行综述。

一、潜在治疗药物


1.非选择性β受体阻滞剂(non-selective beta blockers,NSBBs)

门静脉高压症(portal hypertension, PHT)常见于肝硬化进展期,而ACLF可通过提高血浆内毒素水平、抑制内皮型一氧化氮合酶(endothelial nitric oxide synthase, eNOS)活性[3]等途径,促使门静脉压力急剧升高。

NSBBs可缓解门静脉压力,减少腹水、肝性脑病等并发症[4]。随机对照试验(RCT)研究证明,卡维地洛联合基础治疗可显著降低ACLF伴PHT患者的28 d病死率,但无法改善90 d时无移植生存率[5]。Mookerjee等[6]通过回顾性队列研究也证实,卡维地洛无法改善ACLF患者远期生存率。此外NSBBs可导致低血压、心动过缓等不良反应,患者若出现感染性休克等事件,停用此类药物在所难免。如何恰当使用NSBBs在短期内使患者受益,有待进一步探索。

2.Toll样受体4(Toll-like receptor 4, TLR4)通路抑制剂

脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS)是TLR4最重要的配体之一,LPS-TLR4通路与炎症介导组织损伤密切相关[7]。有研究发现,慢性肝损伤可通过提高肝内TLR4表达,增加肝脏对LPS的敏感性[8,9]。这提示TLR4通路是潜在的ACLF治疗靶点。

Engelmann等[12]发现,TLR4选择性抑制剂TAK-242可降低ACLF模型小鼠体内IL-1、肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)等炎症因子水平,抑制肝细胞凋亡并提高小鼠存活率。另有研究发现,重组碱性磷酸酶可减少ACLF模型小鼠肝内TLR4表达,改善血清肝酶水平,并减少肝细胞凋亡[9]。TAK-242和重组碱性磷酸酶具有治疗ACLF,并减少脓毒症等并发症的潜力,但其临床疗效尚待检验。

3.TNF-α通路抑制剂

TNF-α是一种典型促炎因子,其可介导过度免疫反应,造成肝细胞凋亡并抑制增殖[10]。Xu等[11]在ACLF大鼠模型中发现,可溶性TNF受体IgG-Fc融合蛋白疗法可调节IL-6/IL-22平衡对抗肝脏损伤,并显著提高大鼠存活率,改善凝血功能和肝脏病理学表现。

二硫氨基甲酸肽吡咯烷(pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate ammonium, PDTC是一种核因子-κB抑制剂,其可抑制TNF-α/核因子-κB通路激活,被认为对肝脏损伤具有保护作用[12]。Yang等[13]在ACLF大鼠模型中发现,TNF-α抗体疗法可显著减少肝细胞凋亡并改善生存曲线,但PDTC疗法却加重了肝细胞凋亡并加速大鼠死亡。

4.IL及其受体阻滞剂

IL在肝脏炎症反应与肝再生等环节起重要作用。内源性IL-1受体拮抗剂IL-1Ra与IL-1的失衡是导致ACLF患者肝脏炎性损伤的原因之一[14]。Iracheta-Vellve等[15]在酒精性肝炎小鼠模型中,使用重组人IL-1Ra阿那白滞素,成功解除了IL-1造成的肝脏再生抑制。但目前缺乏相关临床研究。

STAT1/STAT3通路失衡可导致肝再生能力显著下降[16]。Xiang等[16]发现,重组人IL-22融合蛋白F-652可替代IL-6激活STAT3通路,恢复STAT1/STAT3通路平衡,改善ACLF模型动物存活率。应用F-652治疗ACLF待实践检验其疗效。

5.趋化因子受体CXCR-1/2抑制剂

趋化因子受体CXCR-1和CXCR-2主要表达于中性粒细胞、单核细胞等表面,介导趋化作用并参与免疫调节、炎症反应等过程[17]。Khanam等[18]发现,CXCR-1/2别构抑制剂Navarixin可抑制ACLF来源的中性粒细胞诱导肝细胞凋亡,并减少活性氧和IL-6、IL-23等炎症因子产生[18]。Navarixin或具有治疗或延缓ACLF的潜力,其实际疗效尚需进一步研究。

6.粒细胞集落刺激因子(granulocyte-colony stimulating factor,G-CSF)

G-CSF或通过预防脓毒症,减少产生干扰素-γ的CD8+T细胞,调节免疫失衡[19]等途径,使ACLF患者受益。一项新德里单中心RCT研究[20]指出,G-CSF疗法显著提高ACLF患者肝内CD34+细胞数量,并增加了患者60 d内生存率。另一项北京单中心RCT研究中[21],G-CSF疗法减少了肝肾综合征、肝性脑病等并发症,并显著增加了患者90 d内生存率。

但近期完成的首个多中心RCT研究(GRAFT研究)[22]G-CSF疗法未增加患者无移植生存率,未改善终末期肝病模型评分和感染率。但有学者质疑该研究选择的患者不适于G-CSF疗法[23],也有学者认为G-CSF的保护作用依赖非炎性环境[24]。G-CSF疗法的优劣需要更多证据验证。

7.他汀类药物

他汀类药物的非调脂作用近来逐渐得到重视。研究证明,辛伐他汀可改善肝硬化患者的肝功能水平、门静脉压力及生存率,且无明显不良反应[25,26]。Tripathi等[3]在ACLF动物模型中发现,辛伐他汀可减少肝脏氧化应激和炎症表现,改善肝脏血流动力学表现,降低门静脉压力及病死率。他汀类药物是一种极具潜力的ACLF治疗药物,一项联用辛伐他汀和利福昔明治疗ACLF的RCT研究(NCT03780673 at www.clinicaltrials.gov)正在进行。

8.线粒体融合蛋白-2(mitofusins-2,Mfn-2)

Mfn-2是一种线粒体外膜蛋白,具有调控能量代谢与线粒体自噬[27]等功能。有研究证实,ACLF患者中存在能量代谢紊乱,且与预后不良相关[28]。Mfn-2与线粒体形态及功能高度相关,是ACLF的潜在治疗靶点。

Xue等[29]在ACLF动物模型中发现,过表达Mfn-2可拮抗肝细胞凋亡,改善血清肝酶指标和肝脏病理学表现。Mfn-2联合雷帕霉素可进一步增强细胞自噬,并改善肝细胞凋亡和肝功能。Mfn-2激动剂尚不成熟,尚未进入临床试验。

9.中药及其提取物

中西医结合或可为ACLF的诊疗提供新思路。Luo等[30]发现,内科治疗联合加味四逆汤可显著提高ACLF患者12周生存率。Diao等[31]通过三黄茵赤汤调控p53凋亡信号通路,改善了ACLF模型大鼠存活率。截断逆挽方或通过抑制JNK信号通路对抗细胞凋亡,减轻ACLF模型大鼠的肝损伤[32]

中医药领域可为研发ACLF治疗药物提供丰富候选。五味子丙素分离自中药五味子,其类似物双环醇和联苯双酯被用于治疗慢性肝炎[33]。Wang等[34]发现,一种新型联苯化合物WLP-S-14可改善ACLF模型大鼠的肝脏病理表现并提高生存率,但目前尚处临床前研究阶段。

10.缺氧诱导因子-1(hypoxiainducible factor-1,HIF-1)

HIF-1参与了对乙酰氨基酚的肝毒性作用[35],过表达时可加重乙醇诱导的肝脂肪变性[36]。多项证据提示抑制HIF-1α或可使ACLF患者获益。金雀异黄酮是一种HIF-1α抑制剂,可减轻ACLF模型大鼠的线粒体损伤,发挥抗肝细胞凋亡和促再生功能,另外还可促进eNOS合成并抑制活性氧产生[37]。金雀异黄酮的临床安全性已被证实[38],但对于ACLF的疗效仍待进一步研究。

11.前列腺素E受体2激动剂

前列腺素E2(prostaglandin E2, PGE2)被认为具有促炎与抗炎的双重作用。前列腺素E受体共有4种亚型(EP1~4),各亚型的组织表达与生物学功能不尽相同[39]。Wang等[40]发现,选择性EP2激动剂布他前列素可抑制ACLF来源的外周血单个核细胞分泌IL-2、TNF-α等炎症因子,并诱导产生G-CSF。PGE2-EP2通路或可对抗ACLF导致的系统性炎症,但EP2激动剂的安全性与实际疗效目前尚无定论。

12.人穿透素-3

穿透素-3是一种急性期反应蛋白,其在组织修复重建及对抗组织炎性损伤中的作用近来逐渐受到重视[41]。Perea等[42]在ACLF大鼠模型中发现,穿透素-3通过正反馈活化肝星状细胞促进自身合成表达,并诱导产生M2c型巨噬细胞等途径拮抗LPS介导的肝损伤。目前重组人穿透素-3未用于临床,而活化肝星状细胞可能加重肝纤维化,穿透素-3是否具有治疗ACLF的潜力有待探讨。

二、小结与展望


ACLF目前仍是一种"无药可用"、并发症多、预后不良、病死率高的严重肝脏疾病。ACLF患者常合并脓毒症,重组碱性磷酸酶和TAK-242可抑制TLR4通路所致炎性反应[8,9]。TNF-α抗体可抑制TNF-α介导的细胞凋亡[11]。布他前列素可激活EP2通路抑制多种炎症因子合成[40],阿那白滞素阻断IL-1通路抑制炎细胞浸润[14],穿透素-3具有类IL-10的免疫调节功能[42]。有趣的是,PDTC可直接抑制TLR4与TNF-α通路的共同下游核因子-κB,却加速了模型动物死亡[13]。ACLF与免疫系统的互动需要进一步深入研究。

能量代谢紊乱与氧化应激是ACLF病程的重要环节,金雀异黄酮可通过抑制HIF-1α等多种途径改善能量代谢,Mfn-2可维持线粒体形态并促进细胞自噬[29]。肝细胞大量凋亡坏死亦是ACLF特征之一,阿那白滞素可解除IL-1的抗肝再生作用[14],布他前列素可诱导内源性G-CSF产生[40]

拓展临床现有药物的适应证,是最快使ACLF患者获益的方法之一。辛伐他汀可改善肝脏血流动力学、炎症反应与氧化应激[3]。卡维地洛可在短期降低ACLF患者的病死率和各类并发症[5],多种中药可用于辅助ACLF治疗。G-CSF疗法虽在近期受到质疑[22],但其仍具有预防脓毒症等并发症潜力。

ACLF的药物治疗是值得探索的领域,药物治疗有望与人工肝等技术共同提高患者接受肝移植的机会,并可能在未来取代肝移植成为ACLF的最佳治疗方案。

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