新冠肺炎疫情期间入境人员的法律风险
The Legal Risk for Entry Personnel during the Coronavirus Outbreak
随着中国境内肺炎疫情逐渐好转，中国境外的确认病例已经超过了境内的确认病例总数。从境内输入的确诊病例也已经连续数日超过了境内新增加的确诊病例数量。据报道，已经有入境人员因为违反中国疫情防控相关法律而触犯中国刑法，被刑事立案侦查。
With the outbreak of COVID-19 gradually improved in China, the confirmed cases outside China has outnumbered the inside ones. Moreover, the number of imported cases in China exceeded that of new infection for several consecutive days. It is reported that some people have been placed on criminal investigation for violating China’s laws on epidemic prevention and control.
3月13日，最高人民法院、最高人民检察院、公安部、司法部及海关总署五部门联合印发《关于进一步加强国境卫生检疫工作依法惩治妨害国境卫生检疫违法犯罪的意见》，明确规定要依法惩治妨害国境卫生检疫犯罪，以及如何应对入境人员涉及的违法犯罪问题。
On 13 March, the Guideline on Further Tightening Frontier Health and Quarantine Measures and Imposing Law-based Punishments for Illegal and Criminal Acts of Obstructing Frontier Health and Quarantine Measures (the “Guideline”) was released by the Supreme People’s Court, the Supreme People’s Procuratorate, the Ministry of Public Security, the Ministry of Justice and the General Administration of Customs jointly, specifying the punishment against the acts of obstructing Frontier health and quarantine as well as the approaches to deal with the illegal and criminal issues involving the entry personnel.
《意见》针对入境人员规定了如下六种情形需要承担法律责任。
The Guideline has clarified the following six circumstances which are required to assume legal liabilities:
1. 检疫传染病染疫人或者染疫嫌疑人拒绝执行海关依照国境卫生检疫法等法律法规提出的健康申报、体温监测、医学巡查、流行病学调查、医学排查、采样等卫生检疫措施，或者隔离、留验、就地诊验、转诊等卫生处理措施的；
people with quarantinable infectious diseases or suspected epidemic victims refuse to carry out the health declaration, temperature check, medical inspection, epidemiological investigation, medical screening, sampling and other health quarantine measures specified by the Customs in accordance with the Frontier Health and Quarantine Law and other laws and regulations, or health treatment measures such as isolation, check-up detention, on-site clinical check-up and transfer of patients, etc.;
2. 检疫传染病染疫人或者染疫嫌疑人采取不如实填报健康申明卡等方式隐瞒疫情，或者伪造、涂改检疫单、证等方式伪造情节的；
people with quarantinable infectious diseases or suspected epidemic victims hides epidemic information or falsify quarantine forms;
3. 知道或者应当知道实施审批管理的微生物、人体组织、生物制品、血液及其制品等特殊物品可能造成检疫传染病传播，未经审批仍逃避检疫，携运、寄递出入境的；
whoever knows or should know that microbes, human tissues, biological products, blood and blood products and other special articles subject to the administration of examination and approval may cause the spread of a quarantinable infectious disease, transport or post special articles that may cause spread of quarantinable infectious diseases without examination and approval;
4. 出入境交通工具上发现有检疫传染病染疫人或者染疫嫌疑人，交通工具负责人拒绝接受卫生检疫或者拒不接受卫生处理的；
the person in charge of the public transport refuses to accept health quarantine or sanitary treatment in case of discovery of quarantinable epidemic victims or suspects on the public transport;
5. 来自检疫传染病流行国家、地区的出入境交通工具上出现非意外伤害死亡且死因不明的人员，交通工具负责人故意隐瞒情况的；
people who intentionally hide non-accidental deaths on the public transport that is under their charge and from a region or country where an infectious disease is rampant;
6. 其他拒绝执行海关依照国境卫生检疫法等法律法规提出的检疫措施的。
other acts of refusing to execute the quarantine measures proposed by the Customs in accordance with the Frontier Health and Quarantine Law and other laws and regulations.
新冠病毒疫情期间入境人员如违反该《意见》，可能面临行政处罚，如果情节严重或者造成病毒传播或者传播的重大风险，则可能被追究刑事责任。涉及的罪名主要有三个，妨害国境卫生犯罪，妨害传染病防治罪，和以危险方法危害公共安全罪。
During the coronavirus outbreak, any entry personnel violating the Guideline may be subject to administrative penalties, or even be prosecuted for criminal liability for severe cases or major risk of virus transmission or spread thus incurred. The three major crimes concerned include, crime of obstructing frontier health and quarantine, crime of obstructing the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases and crime of endangering public security by dangerous means.
一、妨害国境卫生检疫犯罪
Crime of Obstructing Frontier Health and Quarantine
按照《中华人民共和国国境卫生检疫法》（2018修正）第四条的规定，入境人员、交通工具、运输设备以及可能传播检疫传染病的行李、货物、邮包等物品，都应当接受检疫，经国境卫生检疫机关许可，方准入境。入境的交通工具和人员，必须在最先到达的国境口岸的指定地点接受检疫。未经国境卫生检疫机关许可，任何人不准上下交通工具，不准装卸行李、货物、邮包等物品。如果入境人员违反《国境卫生检疫法》的规定，拒不接受检疫或者存在瞒报等行为，引起新型冠状病毒传播或者有传播严重危险的，则可能构成妨害国境卫生检疫犯罪。
Article 4 of the Frontier Health and Quarantine Law provides for that, “All persons, vehicles and transport equipment, as well as other articles such as baggage, goods, and postal parcels that may transmit quarantinable infectious diseases, shall be subject to quarantine inspection upon entering or exiting the country. Entry or exit out of the country by said persons and others shall not be allowed without express permission from a frontier health and quarantine office.. The transport vehicles and individuals shall be subject to quarantine inspection at the designated venue of their first arrival border port. No person shall board or alight from the transport vehicle, load or unload luggage, cargo, postal articles, etc., without the consent of the border health and quarantine authority.” Any entry personnel who violates Frontier Health and Quarantine Law by refusing to accept quarantine inspection or concealing the truth in the report, which causes the spread or the serious risk of transmission of the coronavirus, may constitute a crime of obstructing the frontier health and quarantine.
对于单位实施以上妨害国境卫生检疫行为，引起新冠肺炎等国务院确定和公布的其他检疫传染病传播或者有传播严重危险的，应当对单位判处罚金，并对其直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员按照妨害国境卫生检疫罪定罪处罚。
An entity which commits any of the aforesaid acts and causes the spread or serious risk of transmission of the coronavirus, or any other quarantinable infectious disease as determined and announced by the State Council shall be fined, and the person in charge as well as other responsible persons thereof shall be punished according to the crime of obstructing frontier health and quarantine.
由于妨害国境卫生检疫罪是结果犯，必须实施以上妨害国境卫生检疫的行为，并且造成新冠病毒传播或者传播的严重危险的，如造成多人确诊或被作为疑似病例隔离的情形。如果仅仅实施了以上行为，但是未造成以上严重后果的，则应当根据《中华人民共和国国境卫生检疫法》二十条进行警告或者罚款。
Since the crime of obstructing frontier health and quarantine is a consequential offence, the outcome of such crime, i.e., the aforesaid acts of obstructing frontier health and quarantine as well as the spread of and or serious risk of transmission of the coronavirus, for example, causing a number of person infected or as suspected, is taken as the established conditions of the crime. If the offender only conducts the aforesaid acts without causing the aforesaid serious consequences, he/she shall be subject to a warning or fine pursuant to Article 20 of the Frontier Health and Quarantine Law.
第二十条对违反本法规定，有下列行为之一的单位或者个人，国境卫生检疫机关可以根据情节轻重，给予警告或者罚款：
Article 20 of the Frontier Health and Quarantine Law provides for that, the competent frontier health and quarantine authority may, based on the extent of the circumstances, issue a warning to or impose a fine on the organization or individual that has conducts any of the following acts:
(一) 逃避检疫，向国境卫生检疫机关隐瞒真实情况的；
evading quarantine inspection or concealing true information against the frontier health and quarantine authority; or
(二) 入境的人员未经国境卫生检疫机关许可，擅自上下交通工具，或者装卸行李、货物、邮包等物品，不听劝阻的。
boarding or alighting from a transport vehicle, loading or unloading luggage, cargo, postal articles, etc., without the consent of the frontier health and quarantine authority, and refusing to heed dissuasion.
二、妨害传染病防治罪
Crime of Obstructing the Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Diseases
目前，中国已有多个城市出台政策，要求对入境人员进行防控隔离措施。如北京要求3月16日起所有境外进京人员，均转送集中观察点隔离观察14天。上海3月17日则明确，入境前14天有16国旅居史的一律隔离，包括韩国、意大利、伊朗、日本、法国、德国、美国等16个国家。天津、陕西等省份，入境人员须隔离观察14天。武汉规定，3月17日起，所有境外来汉人员统一接送至集中隔离点。
Currently, policies have been released in many cities of China requiring measures of prevention, control and isolation of entry personnel. For example, Beijing requires that all passengers arriving Beijing from overseas shall be put on 14-day quarantine at designated facilities from March 16. Shanghai specified on March 17 that passengers with a travel and residence history to or in 16 countries (including without limitation, South Korea, Italy, Iran, Japan, France, Germany and the United States.) 14 days prior to their entries must be isolated. Other cities and provinces, such as Tianjin and Shaanxi, require entry personnel to be isolated for 14 days. Wuhan also requires that, from March 17, any and all entry personnel shall be isolated at designated facilities for 14 days.
如果入境人员在入境以后，自我隔离或者集中隔离期间，拒不遵守隔离的规定，导致引起甲类传染病传播或者有传播严重危险的，则构成妨害传染病防治罪，按照刑法第330条的规定处罚。
Any entry personnel refusing to observe isolation regulations during the period of self-isolation or concentrated isolation, and thus causing the spread or a grave danger of the spread of the A-class infectious disease shall be deemed to have committed the crime of obstructing the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases and shall be punished in accordance with Article 330 of the Criminal Law.
第三百三十条，违反传染病防治法的规定，有下列情形之一，引起甲类传染病传播或者有传播严重危险的，处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役；后果特别严重的，处三年以上七年以下有期徒刑：（四）拒绝执行卫生防疫机构依照传染病防治法提出的预防、控制措施的。
Article 330 of the Criminal Law provides for that, “whoever, in violation of the provisions of the Law on Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, commits any of the following acts and thus causes the spread or a grave danger of the spread of an A-class infectious disease shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of no more than three years or criminal detention; if the consequences are especially serious, the person shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of no less than three years but no more than seven years: … (4) refusal to execute the preventive and control measures proposed by the health and anti-epidemic agencies according to the Law on Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Diseases.”
拒绝隔离治疗或者隔离期未满擅自脱离隔离治疗的，但尚未造成新冠病毒传播等严重后果的，根据《中华人民共和国传染病防治法》三十九条的规定，可以由公安机关协助医疗机构采取强制隔离治疗措施。
Those persons who refuse isolated treatment or, before the expiration of the period of isolation, break away from the treatment without approval, not causing the spread or a grave danger of the spread of the coronavirus, may be subject to compulsory isolated treatment by the public security organ and relevant medical agencies in accordance with Article 39 of the Law on Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Diseases.
三、以危险方法危害公共安全罪
Crime of Endangering Public Security by Dangerous Means
按照《中华人民共和国国境卫生检疫法》第十二条的规定，国境卫生检疫机关对检疫传染病染疫人必须立即将其隔离，隔离期限根据医学检查结果确定；对检疫传染病染疫嫌疑人应当将其留验，留验期限根据该传染病的潜伏期确定。有必要说明的是，该条适用的对象不仅包括已经确诊的新冠肺炎病毒感染人员，还包括疑似病例，都应当接受隔离。如果确诊病人、疑似病人拒不遵守防控隔离措施，造成其他社会公共人员被感染或者造成被感染的严重风险的，则可能构成以危险方法危害公共安全罪。
Article 12 of the Frontier Health and Quarantine Law provides for that, “A person having a quarantinable infectious disease shall be placed in isolation by the frontier health and quarantine office for a period determined by the result of the medical examination, while a person suspected of having a quarantinable infectious disease shall be kept for inspection for a period determined by the incubation period of such disease.” It is noteworthy that this Article applies to both the confirmed cases and the suspected ones, who should be isolated as required. Any of those confirmed or suspected patients who refuses to follow the said measures, causing others being infected or having serious risk of being infected may constitute a crime of endangering public security by dangerous means.
两高、公安部、司法部于今年2月6日颁布《关于依法惩治妨害新型冠状病毒感染肺炎疫情防控违法犯罪的意见》规定，故意传播新型冠状病毒感染肺炎病原体，具有下列情形之一，危害公共安全的，依照刑法第一百一十四条、第一百一十五条第一款的规定，以以危险方法危害公共安全罪定罪处罚：
On 6 February, the Opinions on Legally Punishing Illegal and Criminal Acts Interfering with Prevention and Control of the Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Epidemic issued by the Supreme People's Court, the Supreme People's Procuratorate, the Ministry of Public Security and the Ministry of Justice provides for that, “Those who deliberately spread COVID-19 pathogens and fall any of the following circumstances and endanger public safety shall be convicted and punished, in accordance with the provisions of Article 114 and Paragraph 1 of Article 115 of the Criminal law, for the crime of endangering public safety by dangerous means:
1. 已经确诊的新型冠状病毒感染肺炎病人、病原携带者，拒绝隔离治疗或者隔离期未满擅自脱离隔离治疗，并进入公共场所或者公共交通工具的；
Those patients confirmed with the novel coronavirus and carriers of novel coronavirus pathogens refuse treatment in isolation, or leave isolation and treatment premises without approval prior to the expiry of the isolation period and enter public venues or public transport vehicles; or
2. 新型冠状病毒感染肺炎疑似病人拒绝隔离治疗或者隔离期未满擅自脱离隔离治疗，并进入公共场所或者公共交通工具，造成新型冠状病毒传播的。
Those patients suspected of the novel coronavirus refuse treatment in isolation, or leave isolation and treatment premises without approval prior to the expiry of the isolation period and enter public venues or public transport vehicles, causing the spread of the novel coronavirus.
其他拒绝执行卫生防疫机构依照传染病防治法提出的防控措施，引起新型冠状病毒传播或者有传播严重危险的，依照刑法第三百三十条的规定，以妨害传染病防治罪定罪处罚。
Those who refuse to execute the preventive and control measures proposed by competent health and anti-epidemic agencies in accordance with the Law on the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases, causing the spread of the novel coronavirus or have a grave danger of spreading the novel coronavirus, shall be convicted and punished, in accordance with the provisions of Article 330 of the Criminal Law, for the crime of obstructing the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases.
以危险方法危害公共安全罪和妨害传染病防治罪的犯罪结果相同，都要求造成引起新冠病毒传播或者传播的危险，而两罪不同之处在于，前者要求行为人明知自己属于确诊病人或者疑似病例，而后罪中行为人并不知道自己属于确诊病人，也没有症状或理由推断其属于疑似病例、密切接触者，其对于传染的后果存在过失，所以对其处罚也比前罪要轻。这也符合中国刑法罪责刑相适应的原则。
The outcomes of crime of obstructing the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases and crime of endangering public security by dangerous means are the same, as both of them require a consequence of the spread of or having a grave danger of spreading the novel coronavirus, however, the difference is that, the former requires the person is aware that he/she is a confirmed or a suspected case, while the latter does not know this, nor does he have symptoms or reasons to infer that he is a suspected case or a close contact person. The person committing the latter crime has negligence in terms of the consequence, and thus his punishment is lighter than the former crime. This also conforms to the principle of adaptability of punishment to crimes under the Criminal Law.
此外，在疫情防控期间，入境人员如以暴力、威胁方法妨害国家机关工作人员执行与疫情防控的公务时，可构成妨害公务罪。如果以其他方法妨害国家机关工作人员执行公务时，则属于行政违法行为，可根据《治安管理处罚法》第五十条处警告或者二百元以下罚款；情节严重的，处五日以上十日以下拘留，可以并处五百元以下罚款。追究刑事责任和行政责任的区别就在于妨害的方法不同。
In addition, those who obstruct, by means of violence or threat, the performance of epidemic prevention by functionaries of State organs shall constitute the crime of interference with public service; those who obstruct the performance of public service by functionaries of State organs in other measures shall constitute illegal administrative act, and shall be given a warning or be fined no more than RMB 200, or be detained for no less than five days but no more than 10 days, and be fined no more than RMB 500 additionally if the circumstances are serious, according to Article 50 of the Administrative Penalties for Public Security. The difference between criminal responsibility and administrative responsibility lies in the difference in obstruction methods.
综上，对于疫情期间的入境人员，应当做到以下几点：
In conclusion, during the epidemic period, the entry personnel shall follow the below instructions:
1. 如实申报身体健康状况、行程记录等个人信息；
Faithfully declaring health conditions, itinerary records and other personal information;
2. 积极配合边境部门防疫检查；
Actively assisting the frontier authority in the quarantine inspection;
3. 遵守当地防控隔离措施。
complying with the local quarantine measures.
关于管辖：
Jurisdiction
按照中国法律的规定，在中国境内和中国船舶、航空器内实施的违法、犯罪行为，中国法律具有管辖权。
It is provided in relevant Chinese law that, anyone who commits a crime within the territory of, on board a ship or aircraft of the People’s Republic of China shall be governed by the laws of the People’s of Republic of China.
唐敏里 国浩上海办公室律师
Mitchell Tang Attorney Grandall Law Firm (ShangHai)
邮箱：tangminli@grandall.com.cn
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