距离0455 IGCSE经济 Paper2 考试倒计时
2 天！
COURSEMO经济组的老师们给大家带来了考前复习资料，今年最新印度卷解析。不仅提供了参考答案，并标注了考察范围及答题要领，后天考经济的同学务必认真看。
2.
Vietnam has a high number of female entrepreneurs.Some of their firms have grown and now compete with foreign multinational companies (MNCs) and public sector firms. The Vietnamese government encourages MNCs to locate in Vietnam as a host country. It also intervenes in the economy to encourage the consumption of merit goods.
(a)
Identify two reasons why people become entrepreneurs. [2]
难度系数：☆
考察范围：第一章——factors of production
答题要领：理解企业家的目的和责任
参考回答：
To make money /earn a profits( 1)to be independent/not having to be
told what to do(1)to follow an interest(1)willingness to take risks(1)
(b)
Explain two benefits that an MNC can bring to its host country. [4]
难度系数：☆☆☆
考察范围：第三章——firms 和第六章 globalization
答题要领：掌握 MNC 对国家带来的好处
参考回答：
Increase employment(1)raise living standards/increase income(1)
Increase skills (1) provide training to workers(1).
Increase exports /reduce imports( 1)improve the current account of the balance of payments(1).
Increase GDP(1)raise economic growth(1)
Increase competition(1)raise efficiency( 1)
Increase tax revenue(1) enable the government to spend more(1).
(c)
Analyse how a government could encourage the consumption of merit goods. [6]
难度系数：☆☆☆
考察范围：第二章——market failure
答题要领：掌握政府干预政策，和 merit goods 的特性。
参考回答：
Provide a subsidy( 1)lower price(1) make the goods more affordable(1).
Provide information about the benefits of consuming thegoods(1)e.c health campaigns(1)increase demand(1).
Use regulation(1)make consumption compulsory[ 1) eg.school attendance(1).
Provide services such as education/healthcare(1)free to consumers(1).
Set maximum price( 1)to make the goods more affordable(1) but may create a shortage(1).
(d)
Discuss whether or not private sector firms are likely to charge lower prices than public sector firms. [8]
难度系数：☆☆☆☆
考察范围：第二章——market economy
答题要领：private sector 和 public sector 知识点
参考回答：
Why they might:
competition may encourage private sector firms tocharge low prices.
private sector firms may seek to reduce waste and costs to avoid going out of business
private sector firms may have more funds toinvest,which may increase its productivity,reducing costs of production. So there will be a lower price.
may be an MNC with significant economies of scale
Why they might not：
profit motive may encourage private sector firms to charge high prices
private sector firms may be monopolies
public sector firms may be subsidised
public sector firms may charge low prices to make the products affordable public sector firms may produce on a large scale
3.
In 2019, India became the world's largest producer of sugar. Sugar cane is grown in the country by a large number of mainly low-income farmers. They sell sugar cane to mills which process the sugar cane into sugar. Processing the sugar cane is more capital-intensive than growing it. The Indian government sets a minimum price for sugar cane and subsidises the export of sugar.
(a)
Define a minimum price. [2]
难度系数：☆
考察范围：第二章——mixed economy
答题要领：minimum price 概念
参考回答：
A price set by e.g. government(1) above the equilibrium price(1) A price floor(1).
(b)
Explain two advantages of capital-intensive production. [4]
难度系数：☆☆☆
考察范围：第三章——firm of production
答题要领：capital intensive 的优点
参考回答：
Lower costs of production(1)can produce on a large scale/ may result in lower prices (1).
Quality may increase( 1)absence of human error(1).
Capital goods can work long hours(1)need few breaks(1)
Capital goods will not take industrial action(1)will not disrupt production(1).
(c) Analyse why low income farmers are likely to have low living standards.
难度系数：☆☆☆
考察范围：第五章——living standard
答题要领：掌握 income 和 living standard 的关系
参考回答： Unable to afford good quality housing( 1)affect quality of life(1) Unable to afford good health care(1)good nutrition(1)more likely to become ill (1) lower life expe ctancy(1).
(d)
Discuss whether or not a government subsidy on the export of sugar will help it achieve its macroeconomic aims. [8]
难度系数：☆☆☆☆
考察范围：第四章——the role of government
答题要领：熟悉 subsidy 的功能和 aims of macroeconomic
参考回答：
Macroeconomic aims:
Low and stable inflation
Low unemployment/full employment
Steady economic growth
Balance of payment equilibrium
Sustainable economic development(living standard)
Redistribution of income(promote equity)
Why it might:
lower price of exports and increase their supply
increase export revenue and improve
the current account balance higher output of sugar can contribute to economic growth
more people may be employed in growing sugar and processing sugar cane
Why it might not :
other countries sugar may still be cheaper may make farmers and mill owners lazy sugar sellers
may not lower their prices demand for sugar may be price-inelastic
other countries may retaliate against the subsidy
opportunity cost-eg. Education, training or healthcare may lack funds to develop.
4.
Safiye Ali became the first female doctor in Turkey in 1923.By 2020,40of Turkish doctors were women.Over this period, labour productivity increased. Turkey also experienced advances in technology, a change in the current account balance on its balance of payments and a significant increase in the size of its population.
(a) Identify two causes of an increase in labour productivity. [2]
难度系数：☆
考察范围：第三章——firm of production
答题要领：明确影响劳动力的因素
参考回答：
Two from:
improved education
improved training
improved healthcare
higher pay
better quality capital equipment
shorter working hours
higher unemployment
(b) Explain two reasons why someone may choose tobecome a doctor. [4]
难度系数：☆☆☆
考察范围：第三章——workers
答题要领：理解工作选择的因素
参考回答：
Logical explanation which might include
High pay(1) resulting in high living standards/caused by low supply( 1) Vocation(1)wanting to help people(1).
Interest(1)enjoying the challenges involved(1) Status(1) doctors are highly regarded(1). Family tradition( 1) parents may have been doctors(1)
(c)
Analyse how advances in technology may improve the current account balance on a country's balance of payments. [6]
难度系数：☆☆☆
考察范围：第六章——current account
答题要领：理解 current account 影响因素
参考回答：
Current account includes: trade in goods, trade in services, primary income, secondary ncome.
The advanced technology may increase the productivity and the total outputs,which potentially create more export revenue. The current account balance is calculated with export revenue and import expenditure. When there are more export revenues, it is more likely to cause a current account surplus.
With higher productivity, there may be an increase in the outflow of money in the primaryincome, which may lead to a deficit in the current account.
With more output, the country may experience economic growth, leading to higher income level. Thus, there may be an increase in the spending on exports, increasing import expenditure,which is likely to cause a current account deficit.
On the other hand, advanced technology may increase the needs for more imported goods and services, leading to greater import expenditure than export revenues. So, there may be a current account deficit.
(d)
Discuss whether or not a country with a high population growth rate is likely to experience a high economic growth rate. [8]
难度系数：☆☆☆☆
考察范围：第五章——population
答题要领：人口对经济的影响
参考回答：
Why it might:
may have an increasing labour force capable of producing a higher output
likely to have higher demand, encouraging higher output larger markets can enable greater advantage to be taken of economies of scale
may have higher tax revenue, enabling the government to spend more on e.g.education which can promote economic growth
Why it might not：
may have an increase in the number of dependents, reducing resources which can be devoted to increasing productive capacity rise in birth rate may reduce the size of the labour force as people leave the labour force to bring up children
resources may be depleted reducing productive capacity
external costs e.g.congestion and pollution may increase which may reduce productivity.
5.
Serbia is the world's second largest producer of raspberries,a product with elastic demand.Consumers experience the economic problem when buying raspberries. Few raspberry farm workers are members of trade unions. Membership of trade unions in Serbia had fallen to20 of all workers by 2020. In that year, Serbia had more state pensioners than workers.
(a)
Identify two determinants of price elasticity of demand. [2]
难度系数：☆
考察范围：第二章——PED
答题要领：掌握 PED 因素
参考回答：
Two forms:
availability of substitutes
whether a luxury or necessity
the proportion of expense in income
whether habit forming/addictive
whether the purchase can be postponed time period
(b) Explain how the economic problem results in consumers having to make choices. [4] 难度系数：☆☆☆
考察范围：第一章——basic economic problem
答题要领：理解 scarcity 和 opportunity cost 的逻辑链
参考回答：
The economic problem is unlimited /infinite wants(1)exceeding limited finite /scare resources(1). Consumers have limited incomes(1)and so cannot buy everything they want(1).
Buying one product involves an opportunity cost(1)in the form of another product sacrificed /exa mple( 1).
(c)
Analyse why some workers decide not to join a trade union. [6]
难度系数：☆☆☆
考察范围：第三章——trade union
答题要领：掌握 trade union 的负面影响
参考回答：
High trade union subscription fees( 1)workers less willing and able to pay to join(1). Government legislation may prevent trade union membership(1)may reduces the power of trade unions(1)less benefit from joining(1).
Employers may discourage membership(1) may think it will reduce chance of
employment(1)chance of promotion( 1)
May be satisfied with wages( 1)working conditions( 1)
May be employed in industries that do not have a history of trade union membership(1). May follow example of fellow workers(1). May be unemployed(1) and lack funds to join(1)
(d)
Discuss whether or not a government should reduce the amount of money it gives to each state pensioner. [8]
难度系数：☆☆☆☆
考察范围：第四章——综合
答题要领：理解政府的职责和功能
参考回答：
Why it should:
ageing population can mean the amount of government spending on pensions rises significantly, a reduction in the state pension could reduce a budget deficit
may persuade people to work longer, which can raise the outputs.
government revenue paying pensions involves an opportunity cost, reducing pension could enable the government to spend more on e.g.education.
Why it should not :
will reduce living standards of pensioners
may increase the number of people living in absolute poverty will reduce total demand(reduce government spending=contractionary policy)
lower spending by pensioners could reduce output and increase
unemployment(consumption reduce--AD decrease).
老师写得很详细，同学们这两天认真看，祝大家考试顺利！
